La Résurrection

1. Le premier [jour] de la semaine, de grand matin, elles se rendirent au sépulcre, apportant les aromates qu'elles avaient préparés, et quelques [autres] avec elles.

2. Mais elles trouvèrent la pierre roulée loin du sépulcre.

3. En entrant, elles ne trouvèrent pas le corps du Seigneur Jésus.

4. Comme elles étaient fort perplexes à ce sujet, voici que deux hommes se tenaient près d'elles, vêtus de manteaux brillants.

5. Comme ils étaient saisis de crainte, et qu'ils inclinaient leur visage vers la terre, ils leur dirent : Pourquoi cherchez-vous parmi les morts Celui qui vit ?

6. Il n'est pas ici, mais il est ressuscité ; souvenez-vous de ce qu'il vous a dit quand il était encore en Galilée,

7. Il faut, disait-il, que le Fils de l'homme soit livré aux mains des hommes pécheurs, qu'il soit crucifié, et qu'il ressuscite le troisième jour.

8. Et ils se souvinrent de ses paroles.

9. Et, revenant du sépulcre, ils rapportèrent toutes ces choses aux onze et à tous les autres.

10. Mais ce furent Marie de Magdala, Jeanne, Marie [la mère] de Jacques, et les autres [femmes] avec elles, qui racontèrent ces choses aux apôtres.

11. Leurs paroles leur apparurent comme de vains récits, et ils ne les crurent pas.

12. Mais Pierre, debout, courut au sépulcre, et, se baissant, il regarda les draps étendus seuls ; puis il s'en alla, s'étonnant en lui-même de ce qui s'était passé.

La signification de Joseph et des femmes.

La crucifixion de Jésus semble être la fin de tout - la fin de l'espoir du peuple en un Messie, la fin du rêve des disciples de " s'asseoir sur des trônes ", et la fin de la vie de Jésus sur terre. Mais l'histoire est loin d'être terminée.

Avant la fin du jour, Joseph d'Arimathie demande à Pilate le corps de Jésus. Conformément à la loi selon laquelle les cadavres doivent être enterrés avant la tombée de la nuit, Pilate accède à la demande de Joseph et lui donne la permission de descendre le corps de Jésus de la croix. Joseph a ensuite enveloppé le corps de Jésus dans des linges et l'a déposé dans un tombeau.

Bien que Joseph soit membre du Sanhédrin, le conseil qui a condamné Jésus pour blasphème, Joseph n'avait pas consenti au verdict. Comme nous l'avons mentionné dans l'épisode précédent, Joseph est décrit comme "un homme bon et juste" qui représente notre compréhension supérieure (Luc 23:50). C'est la partie de nous qui est non seulement capable de comprendre les choses de ce monde (science, mathématiques, littérature, etc.), mais qui s'élève plus haut pour recevoir la lumière spirituelle. Dans cette lumière supérieure, l'intelligence peut prendre des décisions qui sont à la fois bonnes et justes. C'est une qualité donnée par Dieu. ¹

En plus de la capacité d'élever notre compréhension vers la lumière spirituelle, nous avons la possibilité de recevoir une autre qualité donnée par Dieu. Appelée "don de perception", elle afflue discrètement chaque fois que nous sommes connectés au Seigneur par l'amour. Cette connexion nous donne la capacité de percevoir la bonté et la vérité. Dans le symbolisme biblique, ce type de perception est représenté par des parfums agréables et des épices qui sentent bon. C'est pourquoi, au début de l'épisode suivant, il est écrit que "le premier jour de la semaine, de grand matin, les femmes prirent les aromates qu'elles avaient préparés et vinrent au tombeau" (Luc 24:1). ²

Comme Joseph, qui a descendu le corps de Jésus de la croix et l'a enveloppé dans des linges, ces femmes continuent également à prendre soin du corps de Jésus. Pris ensemble, Joseph et les femmes représentent deux aspects différents, mais unis, de l'esprit humain. Dans le cas de Joseph, il représente la compréhension supérieure, la conviction rationnelle que ce que Jésus enseigne est vrai. C'est la vue de la vérité à partir de l'entendement. Dans le cas des femmes, c'est la perception que ce que Jésus enseigne est vrai parce que c'est bon. C'est la perception de la vérité à partir de l'amour. Les épices odorantes que les femmes apportent représentent ce don perceptif. ³

Le tombeau vide

À cette époque, les tombes étaient des endroits creusés dans la roche solide. L'entrée du tombeau était scellée en roulant une grande pierre sur l'ouverture. Mais lorsque les femmes arrivent, elles voient que la pierre a été roulée. Et lorsqu'elles entrent dans le tombeau, cherchant à oindre Jésus d'épices, elles ne trouvent pas son corps. Au lieu de cela, les femmes rencontrent deux anges en vêtements brillants qui leur disent : " Pourquoi cherchez-vous le vivant parmi les morts ? Il n'est pas ici, il est ressuscité" (Luc 24:5-6). Les anges en habits brillants représentent le rayonnement de la vérité divine, en particulier les vérités qui resplendissent de la signification intérieure de la Parole. ⁴

D'un point de vue symbolique, lorsque la Parole du Seigneur est dépourvue de son sens profond, elle peut être comparée à un "tombeau" vide. C'est particulièrement le cas lorsque la lettre de la Parole est utilisée pour soutenir une fausse croyance. Par exemple, lorsque la lettre de la Parole est séparée de sa signification intérieure, il peut sembler que Dieu est rempli de colère, qu'il éprouve de la haine et qu'il est rempli de vengeance. En outre, il peut sembler que ceux qui obéissent strictement à ses enseignements seront récompensés par une prospérité matérielle, et que ceux qui désobéissent seront détruits. C'est une idée matérielle de Dieu qui revient à "obéis et prospère, désobéis et péris". ⁵

Lorsque ces apparences sont confirmées à partir du sens littéral de la Parole, sans comprendre le sens spirituel qu'elles renferment, elles ne peuvent révéler l'essence du Seigneur. C'est comme si l'on voyait une personne sans connaître son véritable caractère et que l'on portait des jugements basés sur l'extérieur sans tenir compte de l'intérieur. Lorsque c'est le cas, le Seigneur ne sera pas vu dans sa Parole, et sa voix ne sera pas entendue. Le sens littéral de l'Écriture sainte, séparé de l'esprit intérieur qui lui donne vie, est une lettre morte - une tombe vide. C'est pourquoi les anges disent aux femmes : "Pourquoi cherchez-vous le vivant parmi les morts ? Il n'est pas ici ; il est ressuscité." ⁶

Porter la nouvelle aux disciples

Après avoir dit aux femmes de ne pas chercher les vivants parmi les morts, les anges continuent à les instruire. "Souvenez-vous de ce qu'il vous a dit quand il était en Galilée", disent les anges aux femmes. Puis les anges leur rappellent les paroles de Jésus : " Il faut que le Fils de l'homme soit livré aux mains des hommes pécheurs, qu'il soit crucifié, et qu'il ressuscite le troisième jour " (Luc 24:7).

Bien que Jésus ait prédit sa mort et sa résurrection à plusieurs reprises, les gens se sont tellement concentrés sur sa mort qu'ils ont oublié la partie concernant sa résurrection. Cette fois, cependant, c'est différent. Les paroles de Jésus sont maintenant devenues une réalité vivante, surtout pour ces femmes qui ont vu les anges et entendu leur message. Lorsque les anges leur rappellent que Jésus a dit qu'il serait crucifié et qu'il ressusciterait, il est écrit que les femmes "se souvinrent de ses paroles" (Luc 24:8).

Profondément touchées par le souvenir des paroles de Jésus, les femmes s'empressent de porter la nouvelle aux disciples (Luc 24:9). Ces femmes ne sont plus des personnes anonymes dans la foule. Elles deviennent maintenant des individus uniques et significatifs : elles sont " Marie-Madeleine ", " Jeanne " et " Marie mère de Jacques " (Luc 24:10). Leur réponse aux anges et leur décision immédiate de transmettre le message aux disciples illustrent la manière dont les vraies perceptions et les bonnes affections en nous répondent aux vérités intérieures de la Parole du Seigneur. ⁷

Lorsque les femmes apportent la joyeuse nouvelle aux disciples, leur annonçant que Jésus est ressuscité, ces derniers hésitent à les croire. Pour ces hommes éplorés, le récit des femmes semble n'être qu'une " histoire sans intérêt " (Luc 24:11). Pierre, cependant, a une réponse différente. Lorsqu'il entend la nouvelle, il se lève immédiatement et court au tombeau (Luc 24:12). C'est ce même Pierre qui avait pleuré si amèrement lorsqu'il avait réalisé qu'il avait renié Jésus pour la troisième fois (Luc 22:62). Mais maintenant, sentant l'espoir monter en lui, Pierre se précipite pour voir le tombeau par lui-même.

Lorsque Pierre arrive au tombeau, il se baisse et voit que les linges dans lesquels Jésus avait été enveloppé gisent en tas (Luc 24:12). Mais il n'y a aucun signe de Jésus, et Pierre ne voit pas non plus les anges. Contrairement aux femmes qui l'ont précédé, les yeux spirituels de Pierre n'ont pas encore été ouverts. Pierre, cependant, ne se laisse pas abattre. À la fin de cet épisode, Pierre s'en va " s'émerveillant en lui-même de ce qui s'était passé " (Luc 24:12). Bien que Pierre ne comprenne pas tout à fait, lentement mais sûrement, une résurrection de la foi s'opère en lui. ⁸

Une application pratique

Lorsque les femmes se sont souvenues des paroles de Jésus, elles se sont immédiatement précipitées pour en informer les disciples. Lorsque Pierre a appris d'elles que le Seigneur était ressuscité, il s'est immédiatement levé et a couru au tombeau. Dans les deux cas, ils ont compris que l'histoire n'était pas terminée. Chacun de nous peut faire quelque chose de semblable. Lorsque quelque chose se produit qui a le potentiel de vous faire tomber ou de vous faire douter de la présence du Seigneur, rappelez-vous que l'histoire n'est pas terminée et que le Seigneur a le pouvoir de vous relever. C'est la résurrection de la foi. C'est la foi que vous n'êtes pas seul. C'est la foi que le Seigneur vous apportera réconfort, protection et conseils alors que vous traversez votre situation. Et c'est la foi que, quelle que soit la difficulté de la situation, le Seigneur peut en tirer du bien et vous conduire à une bonne fin. ⁹

Sur la route d'Emmaüs

13. Et voici que deux d'entre eux se rendaient le même jour dans un village qui [est] nommé Emmaüs, éloigné de Jérusalem de soixante stades.

14. Et ils s'entretenaient entre eux de toutes ces choses qui étaient arrivées.

15. Comme ils conversaient et discutaient, Jésus lui-même, s'approchant, alla avec eux.

16. Mais leurs yeux étaient fermés, de sorte qu'ils ne le connaissaient pas.

17. Et il leur dit : Quelles sont ces paroles que vous échangez entre vous, tandis que vous marchez et que vous êtes tristes ?

18. L'un d'eux, nommé Cléopas, prenant la parole, lui dit : N'es-tu qu'un étranger à Jérusalem, et n'as-tu pas connu ce qui s'est passé en elle en ces jours-ci ?

19. Et il leur dit : Quelles choses ? Ils lui répondirent : Ce qui concerne Jésus de Nazareth, qui était un homme, un prophète, puissant en œuvres et en paroles devant Dieu et devant tout le peuple ;

20. Et comment les grands prêtres et nos chefs l'ont livré au jugement de la mort, et l'ont crucifié.

21. Et nous espérions que c'était Lui qui allait racheter Israël. Mais malgré tout cela, aujourd'hui arrive le troisième jour depuis que ces choses ont été faites.

22. Mais aussi, certaines femmes de [parmi] nous nous ont étonnés, qui étaient de bon matin au sépulcre.

23. N'ayant pas trouvé son corps, elles sont venues, disant qu'elles avaient aussi vu une vision d'anges, qui disent qu'il est vivant.

24. Quelques-uns de ceux qui étaient avec nous allèrent au sépulcre et le trouvèrent comme les femmes l'avaient dit ; mais ils ne virent pas le corps.

25. Il leur dit : "Incrédules et lents à croire tout ce qu'ont dit les prophètes !

26. Ne fallait-il pas que le Christ souffrît ces choses, et qu'il entrât dans sa gloire ?

27. Et, commençant par Moïse et par tous les prophètes, il leur interpréta dans toutes les Écritures les choses qui le concernent.

Au début de l'épisode suivant, deux des disciples de Jésus se rendent dans un village appelé Emmaüs, à environ sept miles de Jérusalem (Luc 24:13). Bien qu'ils soient appelés "disciples", ils ne font pas partie des douze d'origine. L'un des disciples s'appelle Cléopas et le nom de l'autre n'est pas mentionné.

Trois jours se sont écoulés depuis la crucifixion, et ces deux disciples ont entendu parler du tombeau vide, de la visite des femmes et de l'apparition des anges. Il est facile d'imaginer qu'ils sont perplexes face aux événements récents - en particulier la nouvelle de la mort et de la résurrection de Jésus. Pendant qu'ils discutent, il est écrit que " Jésus lui-même s'approcha et fit route avec eux " (Luc 24:15). Comme Pierre, qui n'a pas pu voir les anges dans leurs vêtements brillants, ces deux disciples ont également une vision spirituelle limitée. Bien qu'ils puissent clairement reconnaître qu'un étranger s'est joint à eux, ils ne voient pas qu'il s'agit de Jésus. Comme il est écrit, "Leurs yeux étaient retenus, de sorte qu'ils ne le connaissaient pas" (Luc 24:16). Une fois encore, Lucé fournit des mots qui se rapportent à la compréhension : ils ne l'ont pas connu.

Jésus, qui est " ressuscité des morts ", est avec eux en esprit, mais ils n'ont pas encore conscience que la personne qui marche avec eux est Jésus. Néanmoins, Jésus va progressivement les aider à ouvrir leurs yeux spirituels. De la même manière, après avoir été dans l'obscurité, nos yeux doivent s'adapter progressivement à la lumière. Il y a une différence entre un éclair de lucidité et le processus beaucoup plus long de développement de notre compréhension de la réalité spirituelle. Alors qu'un éclair de lucidité peut se produire en un instant, notre compréhension de la vérité spirituelle se fait progressivement et se poursuit pendant toute l'éternité. ¹⁰

Jésus, qui ouvre progressivement leur compréhension, commence par une question. Il leur demande : " Quel genre de conversation avez-vous les uns avec les autres en marchant et en étant tristes ? " (Luc 24:17). Il s'agit de ces moments où nous sommes attristés par un événement récent, où nous en discutons peut-être avec un ami, sans savoir que Dieu est à nos côtés, qu'il nous parle même. Plus souvent, comme ces deux disciples, nous continuons dans notre tristesse. Nous sommes, pour ainsi dire, "dans l'obscurité" de la réalité spirituelle. Le dénommé Cléopas prend la parole le premier. Il demande à Jésus : "Es-tu le seul étranger à Jérusalem, et n'as-tu pas connu ce qui s'y est passé en ces jours-ci ?" (Luc 24:18).

Jésus, qui dissimule encore son identité, demande : "Quelles choses ?" (Luc 24:19). Et ils lui parlent d'un homme nommé Jésus. Ils disent que "c'était un prophète puissant en actes et en paroles devant Dieu et devant tout le peuple". Et ils ajoutent que "les grands prêtres et nos chefs l'ont livré pour être condamné à mort et l'ont crucifié" (Luc 24:19-20). Puis ils partagent avec Jésus la principale raison de leur tristesse. Comme ils le disent, "nous espérions que c'était Lui qui allait racheter Israël" (Luc 24:21). Bien que ces deux disciples aient entendu la nouvelle d'une possible résurrection, ils ne sont pas convaincus. Ils semblent certains que Jésus est mort et que tout est fini. À ce stade, leurs espoirs sont également morts. C'est pourquoi ils ajoutent : " C'est aujourd'hui le troisième jour que ces choses se sont passées " (Luc 24:20-21).

Alors qu'ils continuent à parler à Jésus, ne le reconnaissant toujours pas, ils décrivent comment des femmes s'étaient rendues au tombeau tôt le matin et n'avaient pas trouvé le corps de Jésus. Au lieu de cela, elles ont vu "une vision d'anges" disant que Jésus est vivant (Luc 24:23). Ils disent aussi à Jésus que certains des disciples, après avoir entendu le rapport des femmes, sont allés au tombeau et ont trouvé que le rapport des femmes était vrai. Comme il est écrit : "Quelques-uns de nos compagnons allèrent au sépulcre et le trouvèrent tel que les femmes l'avaient dit ; mais ils ne virent pas Jésus.Luc 24:24). Le détail significatif, " Lui, ils ne le virent pas ", n'est rapporté que dans Luc, l'évangile qui se rapporte à l'ouverture de l'entendement. En d'autres termes, ils n'ont pas vu Jésus. Ces deux disciples ne voient pas non plus Jésus. Même si Jésus marche avec eux et leur parle, ils ne le voient pas, ne le reconnaissent pas et ne le connaissent pas.

C'est à ce moment-là que Jésus choisit d'ouvrir leurs yeux pour qu'ils puissent le reconnaître. Ramenant leur esprit aux Ecritures, il leur dit : "O insouciants et lents de cœur à croire à tout ce que les prophètes ont dit ! Ne fallait-il pas que le Christ souffrît ces choses et qu'il entrât dans sa gloire ?" (Luc 24:25-26).

Les mots "irréfléchi" et "lent de cœur à croire" renvoient, une fois de plus, à un thème central de Luc - la réception graduelle de Dieu dans l'entendement. Comme nous l'avons déjà mentionné, l'intelligence se développe lentement. À maintes reprises, Jésus avait enseigné la nature de la réalité spirituelle et le royaume des cieux. Mais les disciples, dont l'esprit était fixé sur les choses de ce monde, avaient du mal à élever leur esprit vers la lumière spirituelle. De ce fait, ils ne pouvaient pas comprendre la nature de la venue de Jésus, ni son désir d'établir un nouveau royaume fondé sur une nouvelle compréhension de Dieu. C'est pourquoi Jésus dit d'eux qu'ils sont "irréfléchis", un mot grec qui signifie "à l'esprit sensuel", et "lents de cœur à croire".

Comme les deux disciples que Jésus a rencontrés sur la route d'Emmaüs, notre compréhension s'ouvre aussi lentement, mais Jésus est toujours patient avec nous. Par le biais de sa Parole, il montre comment l'histoire de la rédemption est contenue dans les Écritures, "en commençant par Moïse et tous les prophètes" (Luc 24:27). Il s'agit d'une histoire simple et directe, qui ne concerne pas seulement le voyage intérieur de Jésus, mais aussi le nôtre. L'ouverture de notre compréhension, en particulier de notre compréhension de Jésus et de la nature de sa mission, est d'une importance capitale dans ce voyage. C'est pourquoi il est écrit qu'"il leur expliqua, dans toutes les Écritures, ce qui le concernait" (Luc 24:27).

Petit pain

28. Ils approchèrent du village où ils allaient, et Il fit comme s'il voulait aller plus loin.

29. Et ils le pressèrent, disant : restez avec nous, car le soir est proche, et le jour a décliné. Et Il entra pour rester avec eux.

30. Et comme il était couché avec eux, prenant du pain, il le bénit, et, le rompant, il le leur donna.

31. Leurs yeux s'ouvrirent, et ils Le connurent ; et Il leur devint invisible.

32. Et ils se dirent l'un à l'autre : "Notre coeur ne brûlait-il pas au-dedans de nous, tandis qu'Il nous parlait en chemin, et qu'Il nous ouvrait les Ecritures ?

33. Se levant à cette même heure, ils retournèrent à Jérusalem, et trouvèrent les onze assemblés, et ceux qui étaient avec eux,

34. Ils disaient : Le Seigneur est vraiment ressuscité, et Simon l'a vu.

35. Et ils expliquèrent les choses [faites] en chemin, et comment il leur avait été connu à la fraction du pain.

En poursuivant leur voyage, les deux disciples et Jésus s'approchent du village appelé Emmaüs. Apparemment, c'est là qu'ils vivent. C'est là que Jésus indique qu'il va continuer à marcher. Mais ils le supplient de rester avec eux, en disant : "Reste avec nous, car le soir tombe et le jour est bien avancé" (Luc 24:29). A cause de leur insistance, Jésus accepte leur invitation. Comme il est écrit, "il entra pour rester avec eux" (Luc 24:29).

Passer de la route à la maison symbolise une entrée plus profonde de Dieu dans notre vie. En entrant pour rester avec eux, Jésus initie l'acte le plus intime de la communion - le partage du repas de communion. Comme il est écrit : " Comme il était à table avec eux, il prit du pain, le bénit, le rompit et le leur donna " (Luc 24:30).

En accomplissant ce rituel bien connu, Jésus donne une leçon silencieuse sur son identité, suggérant qu'il n'est pas seulement un étranger sur la route, mais plutôt un père dans la maison. La leçon est profonde et ouvre leurs yeux spirituels à la réalité de la présence de Jésus. Comme il est écrit : " Alors leurs yeux s'ouvrirent, et ils le reconnurent " (Luc 24:31). C'est un autre incident qui n'est relaté que dans Luc. Dans le langage du symbolisme sacré, l'ouverture de leurs yeux fait référence à l'ouverture de leur compréhension afin qu'ils puissent connaître Jésus.

Il est important de noter que la conversation sur le chemin, lorsque Jésus leur a ouvert les Écritures, a préparé les disciples à l'ouverture de leurs yeux spirituels. Mais leurs yeux se sont ouverts plus complètement lorsque Jésus a béni le pain au milieu d'eux et l'a partagé avec eux. Le pain, parce qu'il est si essentiel à la vie, a toujours été un symbole universel de l'amour de Dieu pour l'humanité. C'est à ce moment-là, lorsque les disciples ressentent quelque chose de l'amour de Dieu dans la fraction du pain, que leurs yeux s'ouvrent et qu'ils savent que Jésus est au milieu d'eux. ¹¹

Cette expérience ne dure pas longtemps. Aussi rapidement que le moment de reconnaissance a traversé leur conscience, Jésus disparaît de leur vue (Luc 24:31). Néanmoins, la rencontre divine a fait une impression durable sur les deux disciples. Stupéfaits par ce qui vient de se passer, ils se tournent l'un vers l'autre et disent : "Notre cœur ne brûlait-il pas au-dedans de nous pendant qu'il nous parlait en chemin et qu'il nous ouvrait les Écritures ?". (Luc 24:32). Les disciples ont ressenti la chaleur ardente de l'amour du Seigneur lorsqu'il a ouvert leur compréhension à la signification intérieure de sa Parole. C'est parce que les vérités divines de la Parole contiennent la chaleur brûlante de l'amour du Seigneur. ¹²

Jésus apparaît à Simon

Emerveillés par leur expérience de la rencontre avec Jésus sur la route, les deux disciples se lèvent immédiatement et retournent à Jérusalem pour raconter aux autres disciples ce qui s'est passé. Lorsqu'ils arrivent, et qu'ils leur racontent leur expérience, les disciples de Jérusalem ont eux aussi des nouvelles passionnantes à annoncer. "Le Seigneur est vraiment ressuscité", disent les disciples réunis à Jérusalem. Et ils ajoutent : " Il est apparu à Simon " (Luc 24:34).

De manière significative, Pierre est ici appelé "Simon". Nous nous souvenons que Pierre a été le premier des disciples à courir vers le tombeau, mais une fois sur place, il n'a trouvé que les vêtements de lin de Jésus. Apparemment, "Pierre" n'a pas vu Jésus, mais "Simon" l'a vu. "Il est apparu à Simon", dit-on. La signification de ce détail important se trouve dans la compréhension de la différence entre le nom "Pierre" et le nom "Simon". Comme nous l'avons déjà souligné, le nom "Simon" signifie "entendre".

Chaque fois que les noms bibliques "Pierre" et "Simon" sont utilisés en contraste l'un avec l'autre, "Pierre" représente une foi plus superficielle - une foi basée sur les choses de la mémoire, et "Simon" représente une foi plus profonde - une foi basée sur la capacité d'entendre et de faire ce que Dieu commande. C'est pourquoi il est écrit que "le Seigneur est ressuscité, et il est apparu à Simon". ¹³

Jésus apparaît à ses disciples

36. Mais comme ils parlaient ainsi, Jésus lui-même se présenta au milieu d'eux et leur dit : La paix [soit] avec vous.

37. Mais, terrifiés et effrayés, ils croyaient voir un esprit.

38. Et il leur dit : Pourquoi êtes-vous troublés, et pourquoi des pensées s'élèvent-elles dans vos cœurs ?

39. Voyez Mes mains et Mes pieds, que c'est Moi-même ; touchez-Moi et voyez, car un esprit n'a ni chair ni os, comme vous Me voyez avoir.

40. Et ayant dit cela, Il leur montra [Ses] mains et [Ses] pieds.

41. Comme ils ne croyaient pas encore à la joie, et qu'ils étaient dans l'étonnement, il leur dit : Avez-vous ici quelque nourriture ?

42. Et ils lui donnèrent une partie d'un poisson grillé et un rayon de miel.

43. Et prenant [cela], Il mangea devant eux.

Manipuler les "os" et la "chair" de Jésus.

Les deux disciples qui ont rencontré Jésus sur la route d'Emmaüs sont maintenant retournés à Jérusalem pour rejoindre les onze disciples, Alors qu'ils partagent la nouvelle de leur rencontre avec Jésus et de la fraction du pain avec lui, soudain Jésus apparaît au milieu d'eux et dit : "Paix à vous.'"(Luc 24:36).

C'est comme si la simple mention de la fraction du pain suffisait à invoquer la présence de Jésus. Comme Jésus l'a dit lui-même, la nuit précédant sa crucifixion, lorsqu'il a rompu le pain et l'a donné à ses disciples : "Ceci est mon corps qui est donné pour vous. Faites ceci en mémoire de moi" (Luc 22:19). Ce sacrement très important contient un enseignement puissant sur la manière dont Dieu est avec nous, même dans les actes les plus physiques de la vie quotidienne, lorsqu'ils sont accomplis de manière respectueuse. En d'autres termes, l'amour et la sagesse de Dieu nous sont pleinement présents lorsque nous en faisons l'expérience simultanément à un niveau naturel et spirituel.

Nous pouvons le faire chaque fois que nous mangeons le pain de la sainte cène, en pensant à la réception de l'amour du Seigneur. De même, lorsque nous buvons le vin, nous pouvons penser à la réception de la sagesse du Seigneur. Il suffit d'une petite réflexion révérencieuse de notre part pour transformer cette simple activité physique en un acte de culte très saint. De cette façon, nous pouvons avoir le sentiment que le monde spirituel se déverse dans le monde naturel. C'est pourquoi la Sainte Cène est appelée "communion". C'est une communion du spirituel avec le naturel, de l'éternel avec le temporel, et du Seigneur avec une personne, dans un acte saint. Même si nous n'avons pas d'expérience perceptible de l'amour et de la sagesse du Seigneur, nous pouvons savoir que l'amour divin et la sagesse divine constituent l'essence même de Dieu et qu'il est réellement présent dans la Sainte Cène. ¹⁴

La Sainte Cène nous rappelle donc de manière palpable que Dieu seul nourrit à la fois nos corps et nos âmes. Le pain et le vin physiques sont pour notre corps ; le pain spirituel, qui est l'amour, et le vin spirituel, qui est la sagesse, sont pour notre âme. Se souvenir de cela en prenant la Sainte-Cène nous ouvre à l'expérience de la présence de Dieu. Après tout, dans le monde spirituel, la pensée apporte la présence. Nous pouvons donc comprendre que même une pensée révérencieuse à propos de la fraction du pain puisse invoquer la présence même de Jésus. ¹⁵

Jésus sait cependant que sa présence sera terrifiante pour les disciples, car ils ont peur des fantômes et des esprits. Il tente donc de calmer leurs craintes en leur disant : "Paix à vous". Il est écrit, cependant, qu'ils sont restés "épouvantés et effrayés et ils croyaient avoir vu un esprit" (Luc 24:37). Continuant à calmer leurs craintes, Jésus leur dit : " Pourquoi êtes-vous troublés ? Et pourquoi des doutes s'élèvent-ils dans vos cœurs ?" (Luc 24:38). Pour ôter tout doute sur le fait qu'il s'agit bien de Jésus, et non d'un esprit, il dit : "Voyez mes mains et mes pieds, c'est bien moi. Manipulez-moi et voyez, car un esprit n'a pas de chair et d'os comme vous voyez que j'en ai" (Luc 24:38-39).

Lorsque Jésus dit à ses disciples qu'il n'est pas un esprit, et qu'un esprit n'a pas de chair et d'os comme lui, il veut dire quelque chose de très précis. Il veut dire qu'Il est devenu un "corps" d'amour et de sagesse - non pas un corps matériel, mais un corps divinement spirituel. Sa "chair" est l'amour divin qu'Il s'efforce de donner à toute l'humanité, et ses "os" sont les vérités divines à travers lesquelles l'amour divin peut être exprimé. Ainsi, Jésus est devenu l'amour divin et la sagesse divine sous une forme humaine, visible à nos yeux spirituels. ¹⁶

Il ne s'agit pas d'une simple abstraction. En prenant un corps d'amour et de sagesse parfaits, Jésus-Christ est devenu l'incarnation parfaite de ce que signifie être un être divinement humain. Ce faisant, l'âme invisible de Dieu, appelée le Père, et le corps visible de Dieu, appelé Jésus, sont devenus un, tout comme l'âme dans le corps d'un être humain ne sont pas deux, mais un. ¹⁷

Ce processus d'unification avec le Père, ou la réunion de l'âme et du corps, a été graduel, continu, étape par étape, tout au long de la vie de Jésus, jusqu'à sa mort sur la croix. Lorsque Jésus a prononcé ses dernières paroles, "Père, entre tes mains je remets mon esprit", il annonçait la victoire finale. Il avait non seulement subjugué les enfers, mais il était aussi devenu un avec la divinité qui était en lui depuis sa naissance - la divinité intérieure qu'on appelait le "Père". ¹⁸

La croix, cependant, n'était pas la fin. C'était le début de la résurrection. Lorsqu'ils sont venus pour oindre le corps de Jésus, celui-ci était introuvable. Il avait simplement quitté le tombeau, ne laissant derrière lui que ses vêtements de lin. Il existe de nombreuses explications sur ce qui s'est passé dans le tombeau, mais la plus simple est que Jésus a glorifié son corps et l'a rendu entièrement divin. Il a fait cela en expulsant tout ce qui était de la nature purement humaine qu'il avait hérité de Marie, sa mère humaine, tout en prenant simultanément tout ce qui était de la nature divine du Père qui était en lui. Cela a permis à Dieu d'être plus proche de nous que jamais auparavant. Nous pouvons maintenant avoir une idée de Dieu fondée sur l'amour et la sagesse rendus visibles dans la vie, la mort et la résurrection de Jésus-Christ. ¹⁹

Manger du poisson et du rayon de miel

Tout cela, cependant, dépasse de loin la compréhension des disciples. Ils ont besoin d'une explication plus simple, qui fasse appel à leur mode de pensée matériel. C'est pourquoi Jésus leur dit d'aller de l'avant et de toucher ses mains et ses pieds, de le manipuler réellement et de voir qu'il n'est pas un esprit. Tout cela se produit parce que Jésus a ouvert leurs yeux spirituels et leur a permis de faire son expérience au niveau de la conscience spirituelle. Les disciples ont l'impression qu'il se manifeste à eux sur le plan matériel. C'est ce dont ils ont besoin pour le moment - une preuve apparemment matérielle.

Mais même dans ce cas, ils ne sont toujours pas convaincus. Comme il est écrit : " Mais ils ne croyaient pas encore à la joie " (Luc 24:41). Peut-être est-ce trop beau pour être vrai. Aussi, pour mettre les choses au clair, Jésus leur demande s'ils ont de quoi manger. Lorsqu'ils lui donnent un morceau de poisson grillé et du rayon de miel, il le prend et le mange en leur présence (Luc 24:43). Dans le langage des écritures sacrées, le poisson grillé représente la vérité nourrissante - la vérité qui nourrit l'âme. Et le doux rayon de miel représente le plaisir que l'on éprouve à vivre selon ces vérités. ²⁰

Pour les disciples, toucher les mains, les pieds et le corps de Jésus est très convaincant ; mais ce qui l'est encore plus, c'est de le voir manger du poisson et du rayon de miel. En agissant ainsi, Jésus démontre que Dieu ne doit plus être considéré comme une essence lointaine, invisible et inconnaissable qui imprègne l'univers de manière abstraite. Au contraire, Dieu peut maintenant être vu dans sa gloire ressuscitée comme une personne humaine et divine accessible, prête à s'engager dans une relation réciproque avec tous ceux qui sont prêts à le recevoir. En bref, un Dieu vague, distant, lointain était devenu visible, substantiel et aussi réel que l'amour et la sagesse qu'il est venu partager. ²¹

Une application pratique

La nature du corps ressuscité de Jésus a longtemps fait l'objet de débats. S'agissait-il d'une vision ou était-il vraiment là en chair et en os ? Même si nous ne connaissons pas la réponse, nous pouvons savoir que Jésus était visible pour ses disciples. Ils l'ont vu. On ne saurait surestimer l'importance d'avoir une idée visible de Dieu. Il est difficile de prier ou d'aimer une abstraction invisible. Mais une idée visible, divinement humaine, de Dieu est différente. Alors que nous ne pouvons pas attendre d'une vague idée qu'elle nous ouvre les yeux pour comprendre la vérité spirituelle, ou qu'elle nous remplisse du pouvoir de pardonner à nos ennemis, ou qu'elle nous permette de vaincre dans la tentation, un Dieu divinement humain peut le faire. Par conséquent, en guise d'application pratique, gardez à l'esprit l'idée de Dieu telle qu'elle s'est manifestée dans la vie de Jésus. Il s'agit d'une idée visible de Dieu qui dit : " Prenez garde et gardez-vous de la convoitise, car la vie d'une personne ne consiste pas dans l'abondance des biens (Luc 12:15). C'est une idée visible de Dieu qui dit : "Pardonnez et vous serez pardonnés" (Luc 6:37). C'est une idée visible de Dieu qui marche parmi nous, guérissant, bénissant et sauvant. C'est une idée visible de Dieu qui dit à chacun de nous : "Je suis au milieu de vous comme celui qui sert" (Luc 22:27). ²²

Jésus leur ouvre la voie

44. Et il leur dit : Ce sont [les] paroles que je vous ai dites pendant que j'étais encore avec vous, afin que s'accomplissent toutes les choses qui ont été écrites de moi dans la loi de Moïse et [dans] les prophètes et [dans] les psaumes.

45. Alors il leur ouvrit l'esprit pour qu'ils comprennent les Écritures,

46. Et il leur dit : C'est ainsi qu'il est écrit, et c'est ainsi que le Christ devait souffrir, et ressusciter des morts le troisième jour ;

47. Et que la repentance et le pardon des péchés soient prêchés en son nom à toutes les nations, à commencer par Jérusalem.

48. Et vous êtes témoins de ces choses.

Tout au long de son ministère, Jésus avait souvent dit à ses disciples qu'il devait aller à Jérusalem, être crucifié, et que le troisième jour il ressusciterait. Il savait qu'ils comprenaient mal ce qu'il voulait dire. Cela était clairement évident dans la façon dont ils continuaient à espérer qu'il devienne leur roi mondain - un roi qui leur donnerait des sièges d'honneur et d'autorité dans son royaume.

Tout cela a changé maintenant. Jésus a été crucifié, comme il l'avait dit. Et il est ressuscité, comme il l'avait dit. Il a suivi la voie qui lui était tracée, accomplissant tout ce qui avait été dit de lui dans les Écritures. C'est pourquoi il dit à ses disciples : "Voici les paroles que je vous ai dites quand j'étais encore avec vous : il faut que s'accomplisse tout ce qui est écrit de moi dans la loi de Moïse, dans les prophètes et dans les psaumes" (Luc 24:44).

Les disciples sont maintenant ouverts et prêts à recevoir ce que Jésus leur dit. Comme il est écrit, "il leur ouvrit l'intelligence pour qu'ils comprennent les Écritures" (Luc 24:45). Bien que nous ne disposions pas d'informations spécifiques sur ce que Jésus leur a dit, il est possible que cela comprenne certaines des prophéties concernant son avènement, sa vie, sa crucifixion et sa résurrection. En pénétrant plus profondément dans les parties historiques et prophétiques des Écritures hébraïques, en enlevant couche après couche, nous découvrons que, d'une certaine manière, tout ce que nous lisons se rapporte non seulement à la vie de Jésus-Christ mais aussi à notre propre réforme et régénération. ²³

Les mots "Il ouvrit leur intelligence" sont le point culminant de tout ce qui a précédé. Jusqu'à présent, les disciples avaient été pris dans leurs propres idées : par exemple, ils avaient leur propre conception de ce que signifierait la présence du Messie au milieu d'eux ; ils avaient leur propre conception de ce que serait la rédemption d'Israël ; et ils avaient leur propre conception de la " grandeur ", y compris les positions qu'ils occuperaient dans le royaume à venir. Jésus a dû leur enseigner le contraire. En fait, il a dû inverser complètement leur processus de pensée, en leur enseignant que les premiers seront les derniers, les derniers seront les premiers, et que les plus grands ne sont pas ceux qui sont servis, mais plutôt ceux qui servent (cf. Luc 13:30 et Luc 22:26).

Comme les disciples, nous commençons tous notre voyage spirituel avec notre propre compréhension de ce que signifie la réussite ou le bonheur. Tout comme les disciples avaient besoin que leur compréhension soit ouverte, nous avons besoin, nous aussi, que nos yeux spirituels soient ouverts afin que nous puissions vraiment comprendre les Écritures. Bien qu'il y ait d'innombrables choses à comprendre, Jésus n'en choisit que quelques-unes sur lesquelles il se concentre dans les derniers mots de cet évangile. Il commence par rappeler à ses disciples que le chemin du salut passe par la porte de la crucifixion. Comme il le dit, "il est écrit que le Christ devait souffrir et ressusciter des morts le troisième jour" (Luc 24:46).

Il s'agit d'une leçon sur la nécessité de la tentation. Sans tentation, sans combat spirituel, sans la volonté de prendre notre croix et de suivre Jésus, il ne peut y avoir de croissance spirituelle. C'est ce que Jésus a fait tout au long de sa vie et finalement sur la croix. Dans notre propre vie, nous passons par un processus similaire. À chaque tentation, nous sommes confrontés à un choix : nous pouvons nous appuyer sur notre propre compréhension et suivre notre propre volonté, ou nous pouvons faire confiance à Dieu et faire sa volonté. Si nous vainquons la tentation, c'est uniquement parce que nous avons reconnu nos penchants égoïstes et que nous nous sommes tournés vers Dieu pour qu'il nous aide à les surmonter.

La leçon suivante porte sur le repentir et le pardon des péchés. Comme le dit Jésus, "il fallait que le Christ souffre et ressuscite des morts le troisième jour, et que la repentance et le pardon des péchés soient prêchés en son nom à partir de Jérusalem" (Luc 24:46-47). Il convient de noter que le terme "repentance" est immédiatement suivi de l'expression "pardon des péchés". L'idée clé est qu'une fois que nous reconnaissons nos péchés, que nous prions pour l'aide du Seigneur et que nous renonçons à nos péchés, comme si c'était de nous-mêmes, nous en sommes retenus et maintenus dans un état de bien. Cela fait partie du merveilleux processus de réforme par lequel le Seigneur nous éloigne du mal et nous maintient dans le bien, nous éloignant constamment des péchés et nous inspirant constamment le bien. C'est ainsi que les péchés sont pardonnés (Luc 24:47). ²⁴

Commencer à Jérusalem

L'idée que ce processus de repentance et de pardon des péchés doit " commencer à Jérusalem " est familière. Jésus avait déjà enseigné à ses disciples à enlever d'abord la poutre de leur propre œil, et ensuite ils verraient clairement pour enlever la paille qui est dans l'œil de leur frère (cf. 6:42). C'est là que tout commence : avec soi-même. Rien n'ouvre davantage la compréhension que l'observation honnête de soi et la volonté de fuir les maux comme des péchés contre Dieu. Dès que nous nous efforçons de renoncer à un désir inférieur ou de l'éviter, la lumière supérieure afflue. Mais si nous refusons de faire le travail de repentance, les mauvais désirs et les fausses pensées resteront en nous. Ils ne peuvent pas être remis, pardonnés ou renvoyés, simplement parce que nous choisissons de rester en eux. ²⁵

Par conséquent, l'exhortation à "prêcher la repentance et la rémission des péchés en commençant par Jérusalem" signifie qu'ils doivent commencer par se concentrer sur l'étude de la Parole avec l'idée qu'ils doivent d'abord enlever la tache de leur propre œil avant de pouvoir sortir et prêcher aux autres. La vérité que Jésus a enseignée leur fournira la lumière qui leur permettra de voir leurs propres maux et de s'efforcer de les fuir. Finalement, ils deviendront "témoins de ces choses" (Luc 24:48). Ils seraient en mesure de témoigner avec audace des merveilleux changements qui se sont produits dans leur propre vie lorsqu'ils ont entrepris l'œuvre de repentance et de rémission des péchés à la lumière de la vérité du Seigneur. Comme il est écrit dans les Écritures hébraïques, "Jérusalem sera appelée la Cité de la Vérité". ²⁶

Séjourner dans la ville de Jérusalem

49. Et voici, j'envoie sur vous la promesse de mon Père ; mais restez assis dans la ville de Jérusalem, jusqu'à ce que vous ayez revêtu la puissance d'en haut.

50. Il les conduisit jusque dans Béthanie, et, levant les mains, il les bénit.

51. Comme il les bénissait, il se retira d'eux et fut élevé au ciel.

52. Et eux, après l'avoir adoré, retournèrent à Jérusalem avec une grande joie.

53. Et ils étaient continuellement dans le temple, louant et bénissant Dieu. Amen.

Les disciples avaient parcouru un long chemin. Ils étaient avec Jésus depuis trois ans ; ils avaient été témoins de ses nombreux miracles et guérisons ; ils avaient entendu ses discours et écouté ses paraboles ; ils avaient mangé avec lui et prié avec lui ; ils avaient assisté à son procès et à sa crucifixion ; et ils l'avaient vu sous sa forme ressuscitée. Bien que leur foi ait souvent vacillé, elle était devenue plus forte et plus certaine. Bientôt, ils iraient proclamer l'Évangile et guider les autres, mais pour l'instant, ils devaient rester à Jérusalem. Jésus s'exprime ainsi : "Voici que j'envoie sur vous la promesse de mon Père ; mais restez dans la ville de Jérusalem jusqu'à ce que vous soyez revêtus de la puissance d'en haut" (...).Luc 24:49).

Nous avons déjà souligné que le commandement de "commencer par Jérusalem" suggère que les disciples avaient encore du travail à faire avant de porter l'Évangile aux autres, en particulier le travail de repentance et de rémission des péchés. Mais il y a plus. Jérusalem était le centre où l'on adorait Dieu et où l'on étudiait les Écritures. Le temple s'y trouvait ; le sacerdoce y était ; les grandes fêtes y étaient célébrées. Ainsi, la mention de la ville "Jérusalem" signifie l'étude de la Parole avec une attention particulière sur la façon dont elle peut s'appliquer à soi-même.

En disant aux disciples de "s'arrêter à Jérusalem", Jésus reporte leur travail missionnaire plus large jusqu'à ce qu'ils puissent développer une compréhension plus profonde de l'Écriture, et utiliser cette compréhension pour faire le travail de repentance. Ce n'est qu'alors qu'ils seront "revêtus de la puissance d'en haut". Car sans une compréhension correcte du Seigneur et de sa Parole, ils ne seraient pas en mesure de recevoir une telle puissance. Avant de pouvoir enseigner aux autres, ils doivent apprendre à se connaître eux-mêmes ; avant de pouvoir vraiment aimer les autres, ils doivent apprendre à aimer. Avant de prêcher l'Évangile, ils devraient bien le comprendre. Tout cela aurait pour but le développement d'une compréhension supérieure. Ce n'est qu'alors qu'ils seraient prêts à recevoir "la promesse du Père et à être revêtus de la puissance d'en haut". Ils doivent d'abord connaître la vérité avant d'être capables de la vouloir et de la faire. ²⁷

Il est intéressant de noter que tant Matthieu que Marc se terminent par une commission directe consistant à " aller dans le monde entier pour faire des disciples de toutes les nations " (Matthieu 28:19) et "prêcher l'Évangile à toute créature" (Marc 16:15). Mais lorsque nous arrivons à la fin de Luc, il y a une différence. Ils doivent d'abord " demeurer à Jérusalem " jusqu'à ce qu'ils soient " revêtus de la puissance d'en haut " (Luc 24:49). C'est une focalisation différente ; c'est un appel à un niveau différent de l'esprit. Comme nous l'avons souligné depuis le début de cet évangile, l'accent dans Luc est mis sur la manière dont Dieu est reçu dans l'entendement. Nous avons noté que le premier verset de Luc commence par une référence à " ces choses qui sont très sûrement croyantes " ; dans le deuxième verset, nous lisons des " témoins oculaires " ; au troisième verset, Lucé parle d'avoir eu "une compréhension parfaite" ; et au quatrième verset, Lucé dit qu'il écrit ces choses afin que son lecteur "puisse connaître la certitude des choses dans lesquelles tu as été instruit" (Luc 1:1-4).

Tous ces termes et expressions suggèrent l'intellect - l'aspect connaissant, pensant, comprenant de la nature humaine. Même la scène d'ouverture de cet évangile, décrivant un prêtre offrant de l'encens dans le temple, évoque le côté intellectuel de la religion - la vie de prière et d'adoration, la dévotion résolue à lire, comprendre et être instruit dans les Écritures. Il est donc approprié que Luc se termine là où il commence, par une exhortation aux disciples à " rester à Jérusalem " - pour développer leur compréhension de la doctrine et apprendre à l'appliquer à leur propre vie.

Dans la dernière scène de l'évangile de Luc, Jésus conduit ses disciples à Béthanie où "il leva les mains et les bénit" (Luc 24:50). Et au moment même où il les bénit, il est séparé d'eux et "emporté au ciel" (Luc 24:51). Cette scène, connue sous le nom d'"Ascension", est un moment très important pour les disciples. Pendant trois ans, ils ont été dans l'incertitude au sujet de Jésus, ne connaissant pas l'étendue de son pouvoir ou la profondeur de son amour. Mais cela se passe avant la résurrection. Maintenant, ils le savent vraiment. Pour eux, Jésus n'est plus un maître religieux ou un Messie mondain, il est leur Seigneur. L'idée de Jésus a surgi dans leur esprit. Nous lisons donc qu'"ils l'adoraient" (Luc 24:52).

Puis ils font exactement ce que Jésus leur a demandé. Comme il est écrit, "ils retournèrent à Jérusalem avec une grande joie et étaient continuellement dans le temple, louant et bénissant Dieu" (Luc 24:52-53).

* * *

L'Évangile selon Luc commence et se termine dans le temple. Plus que tout autre évangile, Luc traite de l'ouverture de l'entendement. En lisant la conclusion joyeuse, nous ressentons l'excitation des disciples qui retournent au temple, louant et bénissant Dieu. Bien que ce soit la fin de Luc, le processus de régénération humaine ne se termine pas dans le temple. La vraie religion implique plus qu'une compréhension très évoluée. Elle implique également la volonté de vivre selon cette compréhension, c'est-à-dire de faire la volonté de Dieu, et pas seulement de savoir. C'est ce que signifient "la promesse de mon Père" et le fait d'être "revêtu de la puissance d'en haut".

Il est, bien sûr, nécessaire que notre compréhension soit d'abord ouverte afin que nous puissions comprendre les Écritures, nous repentir de nos péchés et commencer le processus de réforme. En un sens, c'est notre "première naissance" - tout comme la Genèse commence par les mots "Que la lumière soit" (Genèse 1:3). Mais quelque chose d'autre doit suivre. Dans notre première naissance, nous prions pour que notre esprit soit ouvert afin que nous puissions comprendre les Écritures ; dans notre seconde naissance, nous prions pour que notre cœur soit ouvert afin que nous puissions vivre selon elles. Et ainsi, l'Évangile selon Luc est un récit de la manière dont une nouvelle compréhension naît en nous. Il s'agit d'une première naissance. "Il leur ouvrit l'intelligence". Il s'ensuit donc que le prochain évangile de la série divine enregistrera cette autre naissance essentielle qui doit avoir lieu en nous : la naissance d'une nouvelle volonté.

Pour une description détaillée de la façon dont ce processus se déroule dans chaque cœur humain, et comment nous recevons " la puissance d'en haut ", nous nous tournons maintenant vers le dernier évangile - l'Évangile selon Jean.

Notes de bas de page:

619. But in thy mouth it shall be sweet as honey, signifies outwardly delightful. This is evident from the signification of "mouth," as being what is exterior; for this treats of the little book and eating it up, and "the little book" signifies the Word, and "eating it up" signifies perception and exploration; thence "the mouth," which first receives, means the external of the Word. It is evident also from the signification of "sweet as honey," as being the delight of natural good. The external of the Word was "sweet as honey," that is, thus delightful, because the external of the Word is such that it can be applied to any love whatever, or to any principle derived therefrom; and these can be confirmed by it. The external of the Word, which is the sense of its letter, is such because many things in it are written in accordance with the appearances presented to the natural man, and many appearances, when not interiorly understood, are fallacies, like the fallacies of the senses. Those, therefore, who love to live for the body and for the world, by means of these appearances draw over the external of the Word to confirm evils of life and falsities of faith.

[2] This was done especially by the sons of Jacob, who applied all things of the Word to themselves, and from the sense of the letter they held the belief, and also maintain it to this day, that they were chosen in preference to others, and therefore were a holy nation; that their Jerusalem, the temple there, the ark, the altar, the sacrifices, with innumerable other things, were holy of themselves; they did not know, and did not wish to know, that the holiness of all those things proceeded solely from this, that they represented things Divine proceeding from the Lord that are called celestial and spiritual, and are the holy things of heaven and the church, and that to think that these are holy of themselves, and not because of the Divine things they represent, would be to falsify and adulterate the Word by applying it to themselves and to their own loves. It was similar with their belief respecting the Messiah, that he would be king of the world, and would raise them above all other nations and peoples throughout the globe; not to mention other things which they gathered from the mere sense of the letter of the Word, which to them were sweet as honey in the mouth. This is why the things in the spiritual sense of the Word are undelightful, for in that sense are the truths themselves which are not according to appearances; as that the Jewish nation itself was not holy, but worse than every other nation, consequently that it was not chosen; that the city of Jerusalem merely signifies the Lord's church and doctrine respecting Him and the holy things of heaven and the church; and that the temple, the ark, the altar, and the sacrifices represented the Lord and the holy things that proceed from Him, and that for this and no other reason were they holy. These are truths that are stored up inwardly in the sense of the letter of the Word, that is, in its internal spiritual sense; and these truths they deny, because, as was said, they have falsified and adulterated the Word in the sense of the letter; and these things therefore are undelightful to them, like foods that are bitter in the belly.

[3] It is said that the little book was "in the mouth sweet as honey," because "honey" signifies the delight of natural good; that "honey" signifies that delight can be seen from the following passages. In Ezekiel:

It was said to the prophet, Open wide thy mouth and eat that I give thee. And I saw and behold, a hand was put forth unto me, and lo, the roll of a book was therein; and when he had spread it before me it was written in front and behind, and written thereon were dirges, moaning, and woe. Then he said unto me, Son of man, eat this roll, and go speak unto the house of Israel. Then he said unto me, Feed thy belly and fill thy bowels with this roll that I give thee; and when I ate it, it was in my mouth as honey for sweetness. And he said, Go to the house of Israel and speak my words unto them (Ezekiel 2:8-10; 3:1-4).

These things involve things altogether similar to those in Revelation. The command to the prophet Ezekiel "to eat the roll of the book" involves something similar as the command to John "to eat the little book," namely, to explore how the Divine truth which is in the Word is yet received, perceived, and appropriated by those who are of the church; for the prophet Ezekiel and John represent the doctrine of truth and the Word, therefore the exploration was made with them. It was made by eating a book, because "to eat" signifies to perceive and thus to appropriate, as has been shown above; and when this has been ascertained, namely, how the Word was still perceived, it is said to the prophet Ezekiel that "he should go to the house of Israel and speak to them the words of God;" also to the prophet John that "he must prophesy," that is, still teach the Word in the church; and this because the book was perceived to be "in his mouth sweet as honey," that is, because the Word in the sense of the letter is still delightful, but for the reason that this sense can be applied to any principles of falsity and to any loves of evil, and can thus serve them in confirming the delights of the natural life separated from the delights of the spiritual life; and when these are separated they become mere delights of the loves of the body and of the world whence are principles of falsity from fallacies.

[4] In Isaiah:

A virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call His name God-with-us. Butter and honey shall He eat, that He may know to reject the evil and to choose the good (Isaiah 7:14, 15).

That this was said of the Lord is proved in Matthew (Matthew 1:23). Anyone can see that "butter and honey" do not mean here butter and honey, but something Divine corresponding to them, for it is added, "that He may know to reject the evil and to choose the good," and that is not known by eating butter and honey; but "butter" signifies the delight of spiritual good, and "honey" the delight of natural good, consequently the two signify the Lord's Divine spiritual and Divine natural, and thus His Human, interior and exterior. That the Lord's Human is meant can be seen from its being said that "a virgin shall conceive and bear a son;" and that it is Divine from its being said, "and shall call His name God-with-us," "to call a name" signifying the quality of a thing, here what the Divine is, for He was to be called "God-with-us."

[5] "Butter and honey" also signify the delight of spiritual and natural good in these words in the same chapter:

Butter and honey shall everyone eat that remains in the land (verse 22).

"That remains" mean those that are inwardly and also outwardly good from the Lord, consequently who receive the good proceeding from the Lord in truths; the blessedness therefrom of the internal or spiritual man, and also of the external or natural man, is signified by "butter and honey."

[6] In Job:

He shall suck the poison of asps; the viper's tongue shall slay him. He shall not see the streams, the flowings of the brooks of honey and butter (Job 20:16, 17).

This is said of hypocrites who talk well and smoothly about God, about the neighbor, and about heaven and the church, and yet think altogether otherwise; and because they cunningly contrive by these means to captivate minds, although in heart they cherish what is infernal, it is said, "He shall suck the poison of asps, the viper's tongue shall slay him." That such have no delight in natural good or spiritual good is meant by "He shall not see the streams, the flowings of the brooks of honey and butter," "streams" meaning the things of intelligence, and "the flowings of the brooks of honey and butter," the things therefrom that are of affection and love, which are the very delights of heavenly life. Every delight of life that abides to eternity is a delight of spiritual good and truth, and from that a delight of natural good and truth; but hypocritical delight is a natural delight separate from spiritual delight, and this delight is turned in the other life into what is direfully infernal. Evidently "butter and honey" do not mean here butter and honey, for where, in the world, can there be found "flowings of brooks of honey and butter"?

[7] "Milk and honey" have a similar signification as "butter and honey;" and as "milk" signifies the delight of spiritual good, and "honey" the delight of natural good, and these delights are with those who are of the Lord's church, therefore the land of Canaan, which signifies the church, was called:

A land flowing with milk and honey (Exodus 3:8, 17; Leviticus 20:24; Numbers 13:27; 14:8; Deuteronomy 6:3; 11:9; 26:9, 15; 27:3; 31:20; Joshua 5:6; Jeremiah 11:5; 32:22; Ezekiel 20:6).

That in the Word "the land of Canaan" means the church has been shown above (n. 29, 304, 431); and the church is with those only who are in spiritual good and at the same time in natural good; in such the church is formed by the Lord; for the church is in man and not outside of him, consequently is not with those with whom these goods are not. These goods with their delights are signified by "milk and honey."

[8] There was also much honey in the land of Canaan at that time, because at that time the church of the Lord was there, as can be seen from the first book of Samuel, where it is said:

That they came into the forest, where there was honey upon the face of the ground, and there was a stream of honey, and Jonathan's eyes were opened by tasting the honey (1 Samuel 14:25-27, 29).

"Jonathan's eyes were opened by tasting the honey" because "honey" corresponds to natural good and its delight, and this good gives intelligence and enlightens, from which Jonathan knew that he had done evil; as we read in Isaiah, "He shall eat butter and honey, that he may know to reject the evil and to choose the good." For at that time correspondences exhibited their effects outwardly, since all things of the Israelitish Church consisted of correspondences, which represented and signified things celestial and spiritual.

[9] Again, "oil and honey" have a similar signification as "butter and honey" in the following passages. In Moses:

He made him to ride on the high places of the earth, and fed him with the produce of the fields; he made him to suck honey out of the cliff, and oil out of the flint of the rock (Deuteronomy 32:13).

This is in the song of Moses, which treats of the church in its beginning, and afterward in its progress, and finally in its end. Those that constituted the Ancient Church are described by these words, not those however who constituted the Israelitish Church, for these were evil from the beginning even to the end, as can be seen from their fathers in Egypt, and afterwards in the wilderness; but the Ancient Church, the men of which are meant by "their fathers," was that which the Lord "made to ride on the high places of the earth, and fed with the produce of the fields." That to these the good of natural love and the good of spiritual love with their delights were given by means of truths, from which they had their intelligence and according to which they lived, is signified by "he made him to suck honey out of the cliff, and oil out of the flint of the rock," "honey" signifying the delight of natural love, "oil," the delight of spiritual love, and "the cliff" and "the flint of the rock," truth from the Lord. (That "oil" signifies the good of love and charity, may be seen above, n. 375; and that "cliffs" and "rocks" signify truth from the Lord, n. 411, 443)

[10] In David:

I fed ¹ them with the fat of wheat, and with honey out of the rock I satisfied them (Psalms 81:16).

"The fat of wheat" signifies the delight of spiritual good, and "honey out of the rock," the delight of natural good through truths from the Lord (as above). It is to be known that natural good is not good unless there is also spiritual good; for all good flows in through the spiritual man or mind into the natural man or mind, and so far as the natural man or mind receives the good of the spiritual man or mind so far man receives good; that there may be good there must be both, or the two sides, consequently natural good separated from spiritual good is in itself evil, although by man it is still perceived as good. Since there must be both, it is said in the passages cited and yet to be cited, "butter and honey," "milk and honey;" "fat and honey," as also "oil and honey;" and "butter," "milk," "fat," and "oil" signify the good of spiritual love, and "honey" the good of natural love, together with their delights.

[11] In Ezekiel:

Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver, and thy garments were fine linen and silk and broidered work; thou didst eat fine flour, honey, and oil, whence thou didst become exceeding beautiful, and didst prosper even to a kingdom. But my bread which I gave thee, and the fine flour and oil and honey with which I fed thee, thou didst set before idols as an odor of rest (Ezekiel 16:13, 19).

This is said about Jerusalem, which signifies the church, first the Ancient Church, and afterwards the Israelitish Church. Of the Ancient Church it is said "she was decked with gold and silver," which signifies the love of good and truth that the men of that Church had; "the garments of fine linen, silk, and broidered work," signify the knowledges of celestial, spiritual, and natural truth, "fine linen" signifying truth from a celestial origin, "silk" truth from a spiritual origin, and "broidered work" truth from a natural origin, which is called knowledge [scientificum]. "She ate fine flour, honey and oil," signifies the perception of natural and spiritual truth and good, and their appropriation, "to eat" signifying to be appropriated, "fine flour" truth, "honey" natural good, and "oil" spiritual good, which were appropriated to them by a life according to the truths above mentioned. "She became exceeding beautiful and prospered even to a kingdom" signifies to become intelligent and wise so as to constitute a church, "beauty" signifying intelligence and wisdom, and a "kingdom" the church. But of the Israelitish Church, which was merely in externals without internals, whence the men of that church were idolatrous, it is said that "they set the fine flour, honey, and oil before the images of a male, or idols, as an odor of rest," that is, they perverted the truths and goods of the church into falsities and evils, and thus profaned them.

[12] In the same:

Judah and the land of Israel were thy merchants in the wheats of Minnith and Pannag, and honey and oil and balsam they gave for thy merchandise (Ezekiel 27:17).

This is said of Tyre, which signifies the church in respect to the knowledges of truth and good; so, too, "Tyre" signifies the knowledges of truth and good themselves belonging to the church; "oil and honey" have a similar signification as above. What is meant here in the spiritual sense by "Judah and the land of Israel," by "the wheats of Minnith and Pannag," and by "balsam," also by "the merchandise of Tyre," may be seen explained above n. 433.

[13] In Moses:

A land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths going forth from the valley and mountain; a land of wheat and barley, and of vine and fig-tree and pomegranate; and of olive oil and honey (Deuteronomy 8:7, 8).

This is said of the land of Canaan, which means the church which is in celestial, spiritual, and natural good, and in truths therefrom; but the contents of this verse are explained above (n. 374, 403), showing that "oil and honey" here signify the good of love in the internal or spiritual man and in the external or natural man.

[14] In David:

The judgments of Jehovah are truth, they are righteous altogether; more desirable than gold and than much fine gold; and sweeter than honey and the dropping of honeycombs (Psalms 19:9, 10).

In the same:

I have not departed from Thy judgment; for Thou hast instructed me. How sweet are Thy words to my palate, more than honey to my mouth (Psalms 119:102, 103).

"Judgments" signify the truths and goods of worship, therefore it is said "the judgments of Jehovah are truth, they are righteous altogether;" "righteous" signifies the good of life and worship therefrom; and as good is also signified by "gold" and "fine gold," it is said that "they are more desirable than gold and than much fine gold," "gold" meaning celestial good, "fine gold" spiritual good, and "desirable" means what belongs to affection and love. Since the goods by which a man is affected are delightful it is said that they are "sweeter than honey and the dropping of honeycombs," and that "the words of Jehovah are sweet to the palate, more than honey to the mouth," "sweet" signifying what is delightful, "honey" natural good, and "the dropping of honeycombs" natural truth. And because "honey" means natural good, and the "mouth" signifies what is external, it is said "more than honey to my mouth," as in Revelation, that "the little book was sweet as honey in the mouth."

[15] In Luke:

Jesus said to the disciples, who believed that they saw a spirit, See My hands and My feet, that it is I Myself; feel of Me and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones as ye see Me having. Then He said to them, Have ye here anything to eat? And they gave Him a piece of a broiled fish and of a honeycomb. And He took it and did eat it before them (Luke 24:39, 41-43).

From the series of these words regarded in the spiritual sense it is very evident that "honeycomb" and "honey" signify natural good, for the Lord disclosed to His disciples that He had glorified or made Divine His whole Human, even to its natural and sensual; this is signified by "hands and feet" and by "flesh and bones," which they saw and felt, "hands and feet" signifying the ultimate of man which is called the natural, "flesh" its good, and "bones" its truth; for all things that are in the human body correspond to spiritual things, the "flesh" corresponding to the good of the natural man, and the "bones" to its truths. (On this correspondence, see in the work on Heaven and Hell 87-102.) And this the Lord confirmed by eating before the disciples of the broiled fish and honeycomb; "the broiled fish" signifying the truth of good of the natural and sensual man, and "the honeycomb," the good of the truth of the same. The Lord, therefore, by letting them feel of Him, showed and confirmed that His whole Human, even to its ultimates, was glorified, that is, made Divine; and this He showed, too, by the eating, in that "He ate before them a piece of broiled fish and of a honeycomb."

[16] As "honey" signifies the good of the natural man, so also:

John the Baptist had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his food was locusts and wild honey (Matthew 3:4; Mark 1:6).

For John the Baptist represented something similar as Elijah; wherefore it is also said that "Elijah should come," by whom John is meant. Elijah represented the Lord in relation to the Word, or the Word from the Lord; John had a similar representation; and as the Word teaches that the Messiah or the Lord was about to come, John was sent before to preach respecting the Lord's coming, according to the predictions in the Word. And as John represented the Word, therefore he represented the ultimates of the Word, which are natural, by his raiment and also by his food, namely, by his raiment of camel's hair and the leathern girdle about his loins; "camel's hair" signifying the ultimates of the natural man, such as are the exterior things of the Word, and "the leathern girdle about the loins," the external bond and connection of these with the interior things of the Word, which are spiritual. "Locust and wild honey" have a like signification, "locust" signifying the truth of the natural man, and "wild honey" its good. It is the same whether you say the truth and good of the natural man or natural truth and good, such as the Word is in its ultimate sense, which is called the sense of the letter or the natural sense, for this was what John represented by his raiment and food.

[17] That:

No leaven and no honey were to be offered in the offerings made by fire to Jehovah (Leviticus 2:11);

because "leaven" signifies the falsity of the natural man, and "honey" the delight of good of the natural man, and in the contrary sense the delight of its evil; this is also like leaven when it is mixed with such things as signify things interiorly holy, for natural delight draws its own from the delights of the love of self and of the world; and as the Israelitish nation was in such delights more than other nations, therefore they were forbidden to use honey in their sacrifices. (On the signification of "honey," as meaning the delight of the good of the natural man, see Arcana Coelestia 5650, 6857, 8056, 10137, 10530)

[18] That:

When Samson had rent the young lion he found in its carcass a swarm of bees and honey, when he was about to take a wife from the Philistine nation (Judges 14:8);

signified the dissipation of faith separated from charity, which the Philistine nation represented; for this reason the Philistines were called "uncircumcised," and this term signified that they were without spiritual love and charity and only in natural love, which is the love of self and of the world. Because such a faith destroys the good of charity it was represented by a young lion that attacked Samson with intent to tear him in pieces, but as Samson was a Nazirite, and by his Naziriteship represented the Lord in respect to His ultimate natural, he rent the lion, and afterwards found in its carcass "a swarm of bees and honey," and this signifies that when such faith has been dissipated, the good of charity succeeds in its place. The other things related of Samson in the book of Judges have a like signification; for there is nothing written in the Word that does not represent and signify such things as belong to heaven and the church, and these can be known only by a knowledge of correspondences, and thus from the spiritual sense of the Word.

Notes de bas de page:

375. And the oil and the wine hurt thou not, signifies that it is provided that the internal or spiritual sense of the Word should suffer no harm either in respect to good or in respect to truth. This is evident from the signification of "oil," as being the good of love (of which presently); from the signification of "wine," as being the truth of that good, for every good has its truth, that is, every truth is of good, therefore such as the good is such is the truth; also from the signification of "to hurt," as being to do injury to these. That the internal or spiritual sense of the Word in respect to good and in respect to truth is what is here signified in particular by "oil and wine" is evident from this, that "wheat and barley" signify good and truth, equally with "oil and wine," but "wheat and barley" signify the good and truth of the church in general, thus good and truth in the sense of the letter of the Word; for the goods and truths that are in that sense of the Word are goods and truths in general, the sense of the letter enclosing the spiritual sense, and thus spiritual goods and truths; therefore "wheat and barley" signify the goods and truths of the church in general, which are of the sense of the letter of the Word; while "oil and wine" signify the goods and truths of the internal or spiritual sense of the Word. The latter are interior goods and truths, but the former exterior.

[2] That there are interior and exterior goods and truths, the former in the spiritual or internal man, the latter in the natural or external, can be seen from what is said and shown in the work on Heaven and Hell, namely, that there are three heavens, and that the inmost or third heaven is in inmost goods and truths, or in those of the third degree; and the middle or second heaven in lower goods and truths, or in those of the second degree; and the ultimate or first heaven is in ultimate goods and truths, that is, in those of the first degree. Ultimate goods and truths or those of the first degree are such as are contained in the sense of the letter of the Word; consequently those who remain in that sense and from it frame doctrine for themselves and live according to such doctrine, are in ultimate goods and truths. These do not see interior things, because they are not purely spiritual, like the angels of the higher heavens, but spiritual-natural; yet they are in heaven, although in the ultimate heaven, since the goods and truths that they have derived from the sense of the letter of the Word, and which are with them, contain in them interior goods and truths belonging to the spiritual sense of the Word, for the two correspond and by correspondence make a one.

[3] For example: He that believes from the sense of the letter of the Word that God is angry, that He condemns and casts into hell those who live ill, although this is in itself not true, since God is never angry, and never condemns man or casts him into hell, yet with those who live well and who so believe because the Word in the letter says so, this is accepted by the Lord as truth, because the truth lies concealed internally within it, and although they themselves do not see it, it is manifest to the interior angels. Take as another example, one who believes that he will enjoy a long life if he loves father and mother, according to the commandment of the Decalogue, if he loves them for this reason, and lives well, he is accepted just the same as if he had believed the truth itself, for he does not know that "father and mother" mean in the highest sense the Lord and His kingdom, "father" the Lord, and "mother" His kingdom, and that "prolongation of days" or "length of life" signifies happiness to eternity. It is the same in a thousand other instances. This has been said that it may be known what is meant by the exterior goods and truths and by the interior goods and truths of the Word, since "wheat and barley" signify exterior goods and truths, that is, those that are of the sense of the letter of the Word; while "oil and wine" signify interior goods and truths, that is, those that are of the spiritual sense of the Word.

[4] "Wheat and barley" signify exterior goods and truths, or the goods and truths of the sense of the letter of the Word, because they are the harvest of the field and do not serve for food until made into bread, and "bread" in the Word signifies interior goods; consequently "wheat and barley" signify such things as these goods are made out of, that is, the goods and truths of the sense of the letter of the Word. But that "oil and wine" signify interior goods, which are the goods of the internal or spiritual sense of the Word, can be seen from their signification in the Word, as will be evident from what follows. It is said that these "must not be hurt," because they are not to be profaned; for they would be profaned if they were known and were believed and were afterwards denied, or also if the life were contrary to them; and to profane interior goods and truths is to conjoin oneself with heaven and with hell at the same time, which is a total destruction of spiritual life. For not only do such goods and truths as are believed remain, but also the evils and falsities that succeed in their place by denial or by a life contrary to them; thence there is a conjunction of the good and truth that are of heaven with the evils and falsities that are of hell, and the two cannot be separated, but must be torn asunder, and when torn asunder everything of spiritual life is destroyed. In consequence of this, profaners, after death, are not spirits in a human form as others are, but they are mere phantoms, and seem to themselves to fly hither and thither without any thought; and at length they are separated from others and cast down into the lowest hell of all; and as they do not appear in a human form like the other spirits, they are no longer called he or she, but it, that is, not man. (But more may be seen on the profanation of good and truth in The Doctrine of the New Jerusalem 169, 172.)

[5] Because such a lot awaits those who profane the interior goods and truths of heaven and the church, therefore the internal or spiritual sense of the Word, in which these are contained, was not opened to the Jews, since if it had been opened they would have profaned it; neither was it opened to Christians, since they also if it had been opened would have profaned it; and for this reason it has been hidden from both Jews and Christians that there is any internal or spiritual sense within the sense of the letter of the Word, which is the natural sense; and that they might remain ignorant of it, it was provided that the knowledge of correspondences, which was the chief knowledge of the ancients, should be lost so entirely that it should be unknown what correspondence is, and therefore what the spiritual sense of the Word is. For the Word is written by pure correspondences, therefore without a knowledge of correspondences it could not be known what the internal sense is. This was provided by the Lord lest the genuine goods and truths themselves, in which the higher heavens are, should be profaned.

[6] But the internal or spiritual sense of the Word is at this day opened, because the Last Judgment has been accomplished, and therefore all things in the heavens and in the hells have been reduced to order, and thus the Lord can provide that no profanations take place. That the internal or spiritual sense of the Word would be opened when the Last Judgment had been accomplished was foretold by the Lord in Revelation (respecting which see in the small work on The White Horse). That the internal or spiritual sense of the Word would then suffer no harm is also signified by the soldiers having divided the Lord's garments and not the tunic, which was without seam, woven from the top throughout (John 19:23, 24). For the Lord's "garments" signify the Word; the "garments that were divided" the Word in the letter; the "tunic" the Word in the internal sense; and the "soldiers" those who should fight in behalf of the truths and goods of the church. (That such are signified by the "soldiers," see above, n. 64 at the end; and that "garments" in the Word signify truths, "clothing" good, and the Lord's "garments" Divine truth, thus the Word, see also above, n. 64, 195)

[7] That "oil" signifies the good of love, can be seen especially from the anointings among the sons of Israel, or in their church, which were effected by oil; for by oil all things of the church were inaugurated, and when they had been inaugurated they were called holy, as the altar and its vessels, the tent of meeting and all things therein, likewise those who officiated in the priesthood and their garments, and also the prophets and afterwards the kings. Anyone can see that it is not oil itself that makes holy, but it is that which is signified by "oil," which is the good of love to the Lord from the Lord; this is signified by "oil;" consequently when persons or things were anointed, from that moment they became representative, for the oil induced a representation of the Lord and of the good of love from Him. For the good of love to the Lord from the Lord is the holy itself of heaven and the church, since through it everything Divine flows in; consequently the things of heaven and the church, which are called things spiritual, are so far holy as they are grounded in this holy.

[8] The reason of the representation of holiness by oil is this: the Lord alone in respect to the Divine Human is the Anointed of Jehovah, for the Divine good itself of the Divine love was in Him from conception, and from that His Human when He was in the world was Divine truth itself, and this He then also made Divine good of the Divine love by uniting it with the Divine Itself in Himself. And as all things that belonged to the church represented things Divine from the Lord, and in the highest sense the Lord Himself (since the church instituted with the sons of Israel was a representative church), so "oil," which signified the Divine good of the Divine love was employed to induce representations; and afterwards the things or persons that were anointed were regarded as holy, not that there was from this any holiness in them, but the holiness was thereby represented in heaven when they were worshiping. This has been said that it may be known that "oil" signifies the good of love.

[9] But that this may be made clearer, I will explain the particulars in order, namely:

1. In ancient times they anointed with oil the stones set up for statues;

2. Also arms of war, as bucklers and shields;

3. Afterwards, the altar and all its vessels, and the tent of meeting and all things therein;

4. And besides, those who officiated in the priesthood, and their garments;

5. Also the prophets;

6. And finally, the kings, who were therefore called "the anointed."

7. It was also a custom commonly received to anoint themselves and others with oil, to testify gladness of mind and good will.

8. From this it is evident that "oil" in the Word signifies good; the "oil of holiness," which was prepared for anointing those things that were to be used in worship in the church, signifying the Divine good of the Divine love; and "oil" in general, good and its enjoyment.

[10] 1. As to the first point, "that they anointed stones set up for statues," is evident from the book of Genesis:

Jacob rose up in the morning, and took the stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a statue, and poured oil on the top of it. And he called the name of that place Bethel. And he said, If I shall come again to my father's house in peace, this stone which I have set up for a statue shall be God's house (Genesis 28:18-22).

Stones were thus anointed because "stones" signified truths, and truths without good have no spiritual life, that is, no life from the Divine; but when the stones were anointed with oil, they represented truths from good, and in the highest sense, Divine truth proceeding from the Divine good of the Lord, who is thence called "the Stone of Israel." The stones themselves set up were called "statues," and were accounted holy, and from this arose the use of statues among the ancients, and afterwards in their temples. As this stone then set up by Jacob was representatively sanctified, therefore Jacob called the name of the place Bethel, and said that this stone should be "God's house," Bethel meaning "God's house," and "God's house," signifies the church in respect to good, and in the highest sense the Lord in respect to His Divine Human (John 2:19-22). (The remainder may be seen explained in the Arcana Coelestia; and further, that statues were set up by the ancients for a sign, for a witness, and for worship, n . 3727; that at first they were holy boundaries, n. 3727; that afterwards they were used in worship, n. 4580; what they signified, n. 4580, 10643. That "stones" signify truths, and "the Stone of Israel" the Lord in respect to Divine truth, n. 643, 1298, 3720, 6426, 8609, 9388, 9389, 10376. That the pouring of oil upon the head of a statue or anointing it, was done to induce the representative of truth from good, and that it might thus be used for worship, n. 3728, 4090.)

[11] 2. "That they anointed the arms of war, as bucklers and shields," is evident from Isaiah:

Rise up, ye princes, anoint the shield (Isaiah 21:5).

Also in the second book of Samuel:

The shield of the heroes was polluted; the shield of Saul was not anointed with oil (2 Samuel 1:21).

Arms of war were anointed because they signified truths fighting against falsities, and truths from good are what prevail against falsities, but not truths without good; therefore the arms of war represented the truths by which the Lord Himself with man fights against the falsities from evil which are from hell. (That "the arms of war" signify truths fighting against falsities, see Arcana Coelestia 1788, 2686, and above, n. 131, 367; and that "wars" in general signify spiritual combats, n. 1664, 2686, 8273, 8295; and "enemies" evils and falsities, and in general the hells, n. 2851, 8289, 9314)

[12] 3. "That they anointed the altar and all its vessels, and the tent of meeting, and all things therein," is evident from Moses:

Jehovah said to Moses, Thou shalt anoint the altar, and sanctify it (Exodus 29:36).

In the same:

Thou shalt make the oil of anointing of holiness, wherewith thou shalt anoint the tent of meeting, and the ark of the Testimony, and the table, and all the vessels thereof, and the lampstand and all the vessels thereof, and the altar of incense, and the altar of burnt-offering, and all the vessels thereof, and the lavers, and the base. Thus shalt thou sanctify them, that they may be holy of holies; whosoever shall touch them shall sanctify himself (Exodus 30:25-29; 40:9-11; Leviticus 8:10-12; Numbers 7:1).

The altars and the tent of meeting, with all things therein, were anointed that they might represent the Divine and holy things of heaven and the church, consequently the holy things of worship; and these they could not have represented unless they had been inaugurated by something significative of the good of love, for it is through the good of love that the Divine enters, and through it is present; the same is true in worship, without the good of love the Divine neither enters nor is present. (That the altar was the chief representative of the Lord, and thence of worship from the good of love, see Arcana Coelestia 2777, 2811, 4489, 4541, 8935, 8940, 9 388, 9389, 9714; and that the tent with the ark was the chief representative of heaven where the Lord is, n. 9457, 9481, 9485, 9594, 9596, 9632, 9784)

[13] 4. "That they anointed those who officiated in the priesthood, and their garments," is evident from Moses:

Take the oil of anointing, and pour it upon the head (of Aaron), and thou shalt anoint him (Exodus 29:7; 30:30).

Put upon Aaron the garment of holiness, and thou shalt anoint him and sanctify him, that he may minister unto Me in the priesthood; and his sons thou shalt anoint as thou didst anoint their father, and it shall be that their anointing shall be to them a priesthood of an age throughout their generations (Exodus 40:13-15).

In the same:

Moses poured of the oil upon Aaron's head, and anointed him to sanctify him. And afterwards he took of the oil of anointing, and of the blood that was upon the altar, and sprinkled it upon Aaron, upon his garments, upon his sons, and upon his sons' garments with him, and sanctified Aaron, his garments and his sons, and his sons' garments with him (Leviticus 8:12, 30).

Aaron and his sons were anointed, and their very garments, that they might represent the Lord in respect to the Divine good, and as to Divine truth therefrom; Aaron, the Lord in respect to Divine good, and his sons the Lord in respect to Divine truth therefrom; and, in general, that the priesthood might represent the Lord in respect to His work of salvation. Their garments were anointed (Exodus 29:29) because "garments" represented spiritual things investing. (That Aaron represented the Lord in respect to Divine good, see Arcana Coelestia 9806; that his sons represented the Lord in respect to Divine truth proceeding from Divine good, n. 9807; that the priesthood in general represented the Lord in respect to His work of salvation, n. 9809; that the garments of Aaron and his sons represented things spiritual, n. 9814, 9942, 9952.)

[14] Because inauguration to representation was effected by anointing, and Aaron and his sons represented the Lord and what is from Him, therefore to Aaron and his sons the holy things of the sons of Israel were given, which were gifts given to Jehovah, and were called "heave-offerings;" and it is said that they were "the anointing" or "for the anointing," that is, were a representation or for a representation of the Lord, and of the Divine things that are from Him, as is evident from these passages in Moses:

The wave-breast and the heave-shoulder have I taken from among the sons of Israel. This is the anointing of Aaron and the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings by fire to Jehovah, which He commanded ¹ to give them in the day that He had anointed them from among the sons of Israel (Leviticus 7:34-36).

And elsewhere in the same:

Jehovah spoke unto Aaron, Behold, I have given thee the charge of Mine heave-offerings as to all the hallowed things of the sons of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, for the statute of an age. Every gift of theirs, even to every meal-offering of theirs, even to every sacrifice of sin and guilt of theirs, every wave-offering of the sons of Israel. All the fat of the pure oil, and all the fat of the new wine, and of the corn, the firstfruits of them, which they shall give unto Jehovah, to thee have I given them. Likewise everything devoted in Israel, every opening of the womb, thus every heave-offering of things holy. Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part in the midst of them; I am thy part and thine inheritance in the midst of the sons of Israel (Numbers 18:8-20).

From this it is evident that the anointing is a representation, since by anointing they were inaugurated to represent, also that it was signified by it that all inauguration into the holiness of heaven and the church is by means of the good of love which is from the Lord, and that the good of love is the Lord with them; because this is so, it is said that Jehovah is "his part and his inheritance."

[15] 5. "That they anointed the prophets also," is evident from the first book of Kings:

Jehovah said unto Elijah, Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria; and Jehu anoint to be king over Israel; and Elisha anoint to be prophet instead of thee (1 Kings 19:15-16).

And in Isaiah:

The spirit of the Lord Jehovih is upon me; therefore hath Jehovah anointed me to preach good tidings unto the poor (Isaiah 61:1).

The prophets were anointed because the prophets represented the Lord in respect to the doctrine of Divine truth, consequently in respect to the Word; for the Word is the doctrine of Divine truth. (That the prophets represented and thence signified doctrine from the Word, see Arcana Coelestia 2534, 7269; in particular, Elijah and Elisha, n. 2762, 5247 at the end, 9372.) That it is the Lord in respect to the Divine Human who is here represented, thus that it was He by whom Jehovah anointed, the Lord Himself teaches in Luke (Luke 4:18-21).

[16] 6. That they afterwards anointed kings, and that these were called "the anointed of Jehovah," is evident from many usages in the Word (as 1 Samuel 10:1; 15:1; 16:3, 6, 12; 24:6, 10; 26:9, 11, 16, 23; 2 Samuel 1:16; 2:4, 7; 5:3; 19:22; 1 Kings 1:34, 35; 19:15, 16; 2 Kings 9:3; 11:12; 23:30; Lamentations 4:20; Habakkuk 3:13; Psalms 2:2, 6; 20:6; 28:8; 45:7; 84:9, 20, 38, 51; 132:17 elsewhere). Kings were anointed that they might represent the Lord in relation to judgment from Divine truth; therefore in the Word "kings" signify Divine truths (See above, n. 31). Kings were called "the anointed of Jehovah," and it was therefore sacrilege to do harm to them, because "anointed of Jehovah" means the Lord in respect to the Divine Human, although, in the sense of the letter the term is applied to the king anointed with oil; for the Lord, when He was in the world, in respect to His Human was the Divine truth itself, and in respect to the very esse of His life, which with man is called the soul from the father, was the Divine good itself of the Divine love; for He was conceived of Jehovah, Jehovah in the Word meaning the Divine good of the Divine love, which is the esse of the life of all; consequently the Lord alone was the Anointed of Jehovah in very essence and in very deed, since there was in Him the Divine good of the Divine love, and the Divine truth proceeding from that good itself in His Human while He was in the world (See above, n. 63, 200, 228, 328; and in The Doctrine of the New Jerusalem, n. 293-295, 303-305). Moreover, earthly kings were not "the anointed of Jehovah," but were so called because they represented the Lord, who alone was "the Anointed of Jehovah," therefore because they were anointed it was sacrilege to harm the kings of the earth. But the anointing of the kings of the earth was an anointing with oil, while the anointing of the Lord in respect to the Divine Human was accomplished by the Divine good itself of the Divine love; and this is what the "oil" signified and the "anointing" represented. For this reason the Lord was called the Messiah and Christ, Messiah in the Hebrew signifying anointed, and Christ the like in Greek (John 1:41; 4:25).

[17] From this it can be seen, that when "the anointed of Jehovah" is mentioned in the Word, in a representative sense the Lord is meant. As in Isaiah:

The spirit of the Lord Jehovih is upon Me; therefore hath Jehovah anointed Me to preach good tidings unto the poor; He hath sent Me to bind up the broken in heart, to proclaim liberty to the captives (Isaiah 61:1).

That the Lord in respect to the Divine Human is He whom Jehovah anointed, is evident in Luke, where the Lord openly declares it in these words:

There was delivered to Jesus the book of the prophet Isaiah. And He unrolled the book, and found the place where it was written, The spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He hath anointed Me to preach good tidings to the poor; He hath sent Me to heal the broken in heart, to proclaim release to the captives, and recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, to proclaim the accepted year of the Lord. After that, rolling up the book, He gave it to the minister, and sat down. But the eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on Him. He began to say unto them, Today hath this scripture been fulfilled in your ears (Luke 4:17-21).

In Daniel:

Know therefore, and perceive, that from the going forth of the Word even to the restoration and building of Jerusalem, even to Messiah the Prince, shall be seven weeks (Daniel 9:25).

"To build Jerusalem" means to establish the church, "Jerusalem" meaning the church; "Messiah the Prince," that is, the Anointed, means the Lord in respect to the Divine Human.

[18] In the same:

Seventy weeks are determined to seal up vision and prophet, and to anoint the holy of holies (Daniel 9:24).

"To seal up vision and prophet" means to conclude and fulfill the things said in the Word respecting the Lord; "anointing the holy of holies" meaning the Lord's Divine Human, in which was the Divine good of the Divine love, or Jehovah.

[19] "The anointed of Jehovah" means the Lord also in the following passages. In David:

The kings of the earth set themselves and the rulers took counsel together against Jehovah and against His anointed. I have anointed My king upon Zion, the mountain of My holiness (Psalms 2:2, 6).

"The kings of the earth" are falsities, and the "rulers" are evils from the hells, against which the Lord fought when He was in the world, and which He conquered and subdued; "the anointed of Jehovah" is the Lord in respect to the Divine Human from which He fought; "Zion, the mountain of holiness upon which he is said to have been anointed as a king," is the celestial kingdom, which is in the good of love; this kingdom is the inmost of heaven and the inmost of the church.

[20] In the same:

I found David My servant; with the oil of holiness have I anointed him (Psalms 89:20).

"David" here as also elsewhere means the Lord (See above, n. 205); "the oil of holiness with which Jehovah anointed him" means the Divine good of the Divine love; that it is the Lord who is here meant by David is clear from what there precedes and what follows, for it is said:

Thou spoke in vision of thy Holy One, I will set his hand in the sea, and his right hand in the rivers. He shall call Me, My Father. Also I will make him the firstborn, higher than the kings of the earth. His seed will I establish forever, and his throne as the days of the heavens (Psalms 89:19, 25-27, 29 besides other passages).

Likewise elsewhere in the same:

In Zion will I make the horn of David to bud; I will set in order a lamp for Mine anointed. His enemies will I clothe with shame, but upon himself shall his diadem flourish (Psalms 132:17-18).

That here, too, the Lord is meant by "David" is evident from the preceding verses, where it is said:

We have heard of Him in Ephrathah; we have found Him in the fields of the forest. We will go into His tabernacles; we will bow ourselves down at His footstool. Thy priests shall be clothed with righteousness, and Thy saints shall shout for joy; for Thy servant David's sake turn not back the faces of Thine anointed (Psalms 132:6-10).

From this it can be seen that the Lord in respect to His Divine Human is here meant by David, "the anointed of Jehovah."

[21] In Jeremiah:

They chased us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the wilderness. The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of Jehovah, was captured in their pits; of whom we had said, Under his shadow we shall live among the nations (Lamentations 4:19-20).

Here, also, "the anointed of Jehovah" means the Lord, for this treats of assault upon Divine truth by falsities and evils, which is the signification of "they chased us upon the mountains, and laid wait in the wilderness;" "the breath of the nostrils" means heavenly life itself which is from the Lord (Arcana Coelestia 9818).

[22] From this it can now be known why it was so sacrilegious to do harm to the anointed of Jehovah, as appears from the Word. Thus, in the first book of Samuel:

David said, Jehovah forbid that I should do this word unto my lord, the anointed of Jehovah, and put forth my hand against him, for he is the anointed of Jehovah (1 Samuel 24:6, 10).

So again:

David said to Abishai, Destroy him not; for who shall put forth his hand against the anointed of Jehovah and be guiltless? (1 Samuel 26:9).

In the second book of Samuel:

David said unto him who said that he had slain Saul, Thy blood be upon thy head; for thou hast said, I have put to death the anointed of Jehovah (2 Samuel 1:16).

And again:

Abishai said, Shall not Shimei be put to death for this, because he cursed the anointed of Jehovah? (2 Samuel 19:21).

That Shimei was therefore slain by command of Solomon (1 Kings 2:36-46, to the end).

[23] 7. "That it was a commonly received custom to anoint themselves and others with oil, to testify gladness of mind and good will," is evident from the following passages. In Amos:

Who drink out of bowls of wine, and anoint themselves with the first fruits of oils, but they are not grieved for the breach of Joseph (Amos 6:6).

In Micah:

Thou shalt tread the olive, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil (Micah 6:15);

meaning, thou shalt not be glad. In Moses:

Thou shalt have olive-trees in all thy border, but thou shalt not anoint thee with the oil (Deuteronomy 28:40).

These words have a like signification. In Isaiah:

To give them a tiara instead of ashes, the oil of joy instead of mourning (Isaiah 61:3).

In David:

Thy God hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows (Psalms 45:7).

In the same:

My horn shalt Thou exalt like that of a unicorn; I shall grow old in fresh oil (Psalms 92:10).

In the same:

Wine gladdeneth the heart of man, to make the face bright with oil (Psalms 104:15).

In Luke:

Jesus said to Simon, I entered into thine house, and My head with oil thou didst not anoint; but this woman hath anointed My feet with ointment (Luke 7:44, 46).

In Matthew:

But thou, when thou fastest, anoint thy head, and wash thy face, that thou appear not unto men to fast (Matthew 6:17-18).

[24] "To fast" signifies to mourn, because they fasted when they mourned, and as they then refrained from expressions of gladness, they also then abstained from anointing themselves with oil, as in Daniel:

I Daniel was mourning three weeks; I ate not the bread of desires, neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth, neither was I anointed with anointing, until three weeks of days were fulfilled (Daniel 10:2-3).

From this it is clear that it was a custom to anoint themselves and others with oil; not with the "oil of holiness" with which priests, kings, the altar, and the tabernacle were anointed, but with common oil, because this oil signified the gladness and satisfaction that are from the love of good, while "the oil of holiness" signified the Divine good; of this it is said:

Upon the flesh of man shall it not be poured, and in quality thereof ye shall not make any like it; it shall be holy unto you. Whosoever shall prepare any like it, or whosoever shall put any of it upon a stranger, shall be cut off from his people (Exodus 30:32-33, 38).

[25] 8. From this it is evident that "oil" in the Word signifies good; the "oil of holiness," which was prepared for anointing the things that were used in worship in the church signifying the Divine good of the Divine love, and "oil" in general, good and its enjoyment, as can be seen from other passages in the Word where "oil" is mentioned, as from the following.

[26] In David:

Behold how good and how lovely it is for brethren to dwell together! It is like the good oil upon Aaron's head, that cometh down upon the beard, Aaron's beard; that cometh down upon the hem of his garments; like the dew of Hermon that cometh down upon the mountains of Zion; there Jehovah hath commanded the blessing of life even to eternity (Psalms 133:1-3).

What these words signify no one can know unless he knows what is signified by "brethren," by "the oil upon Aaron's head," by "his beard," and "the hem of his garments," and by "the dew of Hermon," and "the mountains of Zion." "Brethren" here signify good and truth, for these are called "brethren" in the Word; therefore "Behold how good and how lovely it is for brethren to dwell together" signifies that in the conjunction of good and truth is every heavenly good and delight, for every heavenly good and delight is from the conjunction of good and truth. "The oil upon the head that cometh down upon the beard, Aaron's beard, that cometh down upon the hem of his garments," signifies that from that conjunction is the good and delight of heaven, from inmosts to ultimates, "head" signifying the inmost, "beard" the ultimate; "to come down upon the hem of his garments" signifies the influx and conjunction of celestial good and spiritual good. (That in the Word good and truth are called "brethren," see Arcana Coelestia, n. Arcana Coelestia 367, 3160, 9806; that "head" signifies the inmost, n. 4938, 4939, 9656, 9913, 9914; "beard" the ultimate, n. 9960; "the hem of the garments" the influx and conjunction of celestial and spiritual good, thus of good and truth, n . 9913, 9914; and this is said of Aaron, because he represented the Lord in respect to Divine good, since every good and every conjunction of good and truth is from Him, n. 9806, 9946, 10017.) "The dew of Hermon" signifies Divine truth, and "the mountains of Zion" signify Divine good; therefore "like the dew of Hermon that cometh down upon the mountains of Zion" signifies the conjunction of truth and good, which is here treated of; and as angels and men have all their spiritual life from that conjunction, it is added, "there Jehovah hath commanded the blessing of life to eternity." (That "dew" signifies the Divine truth, see Arcana Coelestia 3579, 8455; that "mountains" signify Divine good, and why, n. Arcana Coelestia 795, 4210, 6435, 8327, 8758, 10438, 10608; and that "Zion" signifies the church where the good of love is, n. 2362, 9055 at the end.) From this it is clear what is the nature of the Word in its spiritual sense, notwithstanding its sound in the letter.

[27] In Ezekiel:

I entered into a covenant with thee, that thou mightest be Mine; and I washed thee with waters, yea, I washed away thy bloods from upon thee, and I anointed thee with oil; and I clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers' skins. Thou didst eat fine flour, honey, and oil, whence thou didst become exceeding beautiful, and didst prosper even to a kingdom (Ezekiel 16:8-10, 13).

These things are said of "Jerusalem," which signifies the church, therefore these particulars signify the spiritual things pertaining to the church. These things evidently were not said of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, namely, that Jehovah "washed them with waters," "washed away their bloods" "clothed them with broidered work, and shod them with badgers skins;" but "to wash with waters" signifies to reform and purify by means of truths; "to wash away bloods" signifies to remove the falsities of evil; "to anoint with oil" signifies to gift with the good of love; "to clothe with broidered work," and "to shoe with badgers' skins," signify to instruct in the knowledges of truth and good from the sense of the letter or the ultimate sense of the Word; "to eat fine flour, honey, and oil," signifies to make truth and good one's own; "to become beautiful thereby" signifies to become intelligent; "and to prosper even to a kingdom" signifies thus to become a church, "kingdom" meaning the church.

[28] In Jeremiah:

Jehovah hath ransomed Jacob. Therefore they shall come and sing aloud in the height of Zion, and shall flow together unto the goodness of Jehovah; to the corn, and to the new wine, and to the fresh oil, and to the sons of the flock and of the herd; and their soul shall become as a watered garden (Jeremiah 31:11-12);

"new wine and fresh oil" signifying truth and good. (What the remainder signifies see just above, n. 374.)

[29] In Joel:

Exult, ye sons of Zion, and be glad in Jehovah your God; for He hath given you the former rain in righteousness, so that the threshing-floors are full of pure grain, the presses overflow with new wine and fresh oil (Joel 2:23-24).

Here, too, "new wine and oil" signify the truth and good of the church, for "sons of Zion," to whom these things are said, signify those who are of the church; "the former rain in righteousness" signifies Divine truth flowing into good, from which is there conjunction, fructification, and multiplication; and "floors full of pure grain" signify consequent fullness.

[30] In the same:

The field was devastated, the ground mourned; for the corn was devastated, the new wine was dried up, the fresh oil languisheth (Joel 1:10).

This signifies the devastation of all things of the church which have reference in general to the good of love and the truth of faith; "field," and also "ground," mean the church, "field" the church from the reception of truth, and "ground" the church from the perception of good; "corn" means everything of the church, "new wine" truth, and "fresh oil" good.

[ 31 ] In Isaiah:

I will sing to my beloved a song of my friend. My beloved had a vineyard in a horn of the son of oil, which he fenced, and gathered out the stones, and planted it with a noble vine; and he waited for it that it should bring forth grapes, but it brought forth wild grapes (Isaiah 5:1-2

"The vineyard that the beloved had in a horn of the son of oil" signifies the spiritual church which has truths from the good of love, thus most excellent; for "vineyard" signifies the spiritual church, or the church that is in truths from good; its inauguration is meant by "the horn of oil," for inaugurations were performed by oil out of a horn; and "the son of oil," means truth from good; "beloved" means the Lord, because He it is who establishes churches, therefore it is said of Him, "which he fenced and gathered out the stones, and planted with a noble vine," "a noble vine" meaning spiritual truth from the celestial, or truth from the good of love; the "grapes that he waited for that it should bring forth" signify the goods of charity, which are the goods of life; and the "wild grapes that it brought forth" signify the evils that are contrary to the goods of charity, that is, the evils of life.

[32] In Hosea:

In that day, I will listen to the heavens, and they shall listen to the earth; and the earth shall listen to the corn and the new wine and the fresh oil; and these shall listen to Jezreel. And I will sow her unto Me in the earth (Hosea 2:21-23).

This is said of a new church to be established by the Lord; and "to listen to" means to obey and to receive; obedience and reception following and succeeding in order are thus described. That the heavens will receive from the Lord is meant by "I will listen to the heavens;" that the church will receive from the heavens, thus from the Lord through the heavens, is meant by "the heavens shall listen to the earth;" that good and truth will receive from the church is meant by "the earth shall listen to the corn and the new wine and the fresh oil;" "new wine" meaning truth, and "oil" good; and that those who are of the church with whom there are good and truth will receive therefrom is meant by "these shall listen to Jezreel." Evidently the earth, its corn, new wine, and oil is not meant, but the church with its goods and truths, for it is said, "I will sow Jezreel unto me in the earth."

[33] In Isaiah:

I will give in the wilderness the cedar of shittah, and the myrtle and the oil tree; I will set in the desert the fir, the pine and the box tree (Isaiah 41:19).

This is said of the establishment of the church among the Gentiles by the Lord; and "the wilderness" and "the desert" signify where there was before no good because no truth; "the cedar of shittah," "myrtle," and "oil tree" signify spiritual and celestial good; and "the fir," "the pine," and "the box tree" signify good and truth therefrom in the natural; for every tree in the Word signifies something pertaining to the good and truth of the church; and "the cedar of shittah," "the myrtle," and "the oil tree" signify such things of the church as are in the spiritual or internal man; while "the fir," "the pine," and "the box tree" signify such things of the church as are in the natural or external man.

[34] In David:

[Jehovah is] my shepherd; I shall not want. He will make me to lie down in pastures of the tender herb; He will lead me to the waters of rest. Thou wilt arrange a table before me in the presence of mine enemies; my head wilt thou make fat with oil; my cup will overflow (Psalms 23:1-2, 5).

This means, in the internal sense, that he who trusts in the Lord is led into all the goods and truths of heaven, and overflows with the enjoyments thereof; "my shepherd" means the Lord; "the pastures of the tender herb" signify the knowledges of truth and good; "the waters of rest" signify the truths of heaven therefrom; "table" signifies spiritual nourishment; "to make fat the head with oil" signifies wisdom which is from good; "my cup will overflow" signifies intelligence which is from truths, "cup" signifying the like as "wine." "The pastures of the tender herb" and "the waters of rest," seem to be mentioned as if they were comparisons, because the Lord is called a shepherd, and the flock of the shepherd is led into pastures of herbs and to limpid waters; but still these are correspondences.

[35] In Ezekiel:

Judah and the land of Israel were thy traders in the wheats of Minnith and Pannag, and in honey, and oil, and balsam (Ezekiel 27:17).

This is said of Tyre, which signifies the church in relation to the knowledges of truth and good; thus "Tyre" signifies the knowledges of truth and good of the church; and "Judah" and "the land of Israel," who "were traders" signify the church, "Judah" the church in relation to good, and "the land of Israel" the church in relation to truths from good; and "to trade" signifies to acquire to oneself and to communicate to others. "Wheats of Minnith and Pannag" signify goods and truths in general; and "honey, oil, and balsam," goods and truths in particular, "honey" and "oil" goods; and "balsam" truths which are grateful from good, for all truths that are from good are perceived in heaven as fragrant, and consequently as grateful; and this is the reason that the oil of anointing was prepared from various fragrant things (respecting which see Exodus 30:22-33); and also the oil for the lamps (respecting which see Exodus 27:20-21).

[36] In Moses:

Jehovah fed him with the increase of the fields, He made him to suck honey out of the cliff, and oil out of the flint of the rock (Deuteronomy 32:13).

This treats of the Ancient Church; "to suck oil out of the flint of the rock" means to be imbued with good through the truths of faith; "honey" means natural good and delight; "oil" spiritual good and delight; and "cliff" and "flint of the rock" mean the truth of faith from the Lord. If spiritual things were not meant by these words, what meaning could there be in "sucking honey out of the cliff, and oil out of the flint of the rock"?

[37] In Habakkuk:

The fig tree shall not blossom, neither shall there be produce in the vines; the labor of the olive shall dissemble, and the fields shall yield no food (Habakkuk 3:17).

Here fig tree, vine, olive, and fields, are not meant, but heavenly things, to which they correspond. "The fig tree" corresponds to and thence signifies natural good; "the vine" corresponds to spiritual good, which in its essence is truth; the "olive," as the fruit from which oil is derived, corresponds to the good of love in act; and "fields" correspond to all things of the church; "produce" and "foods" thence signify all things pertaining to spiritual nourishment; from which it is clear what these things signify in their order.

[38] In Hosea:

Ephraim feedeth on wind; they make a covenant with Assyria and oil is carried down into Egypt (Hosea 12:1).

This has no meaning unless it is known what is meant by "Ephraim," by "Assyria," and "Egypt." Man's own intellect [intellectuale proprium], which by reasonings from knowledges perverts and adulterates the goods of the church, is here described. "Ephraim" means the intellect, "Assyria" reasoning, and "Egypt" the knowing faculty; therefore "to carry down oil into Egypt" means to pervert the goods of the church by reasonings from knowledges.

[39] In Zechariah:

I saw a lamp stand of gold; two olive-trees by it, one at the right side of the bowl, and the other at the left side thereof. These are the two sons of oil that stand by the Lord of the whole earth (Zechariah 4:2-3, 14).

"Two olive-trees" and "two sons of oil" mean the good of love to the Lord and the good of charity towards the neighbor; the latter at his left hand, the former at his right.

[40] Likewise in Revelation:

The two witnesses shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and sixty ² days.

These are the two olive-trees, and the two lampstands standing before the God of the earth (Revelation 11:3-4);

the "two olive-trees" and "two lampstands" mean these same goods, which are called "the two witnesses" because they are from the Lord; but more respecting these when they are explained.

[41] Because "oil" signified the good of love to the Lord, and the good of charity towards the neighbor:

The Lord likened the kingdom of the heavens to ten virgins, of whom five had oil in the lamps, and five had not; therefore the latter were called foolish, and the former prudent (Matthew 25:1-11).

"The ten virgins" signify all who are of the church; and "five" signify some or a part of them, for such is the signification of the numbers "ten" and "five" in the Word; and "virgin" or "daughter" signifies the church; "oil" signifies the good of love to the Lord and the good of charity towards the neighbor; and "lamps" signify the truths that are called the truths of faith. From this the meaning of these words in the spiritual sense can be seen, namely, that the virgins that had no oil in their lamps, and consequently were not admitted into heaven, are those who know truths from the Word, or from the doctrine of the church, and yet are not in the good of love and charity, that is, do not live according to these truths; while the virgins who had oil in their lamps, and were received into heaven, are those who are in the good of love and charity, and thence in truths from the Word or from the doctrine of the church; which makes clear why the latter virgins are called "prudent," and the former "foolish."

[42] Because "oil" signified the good of love and charity, and "wine" signified truth:

The Lord says of the Samaritan, who as he journeyed saw in the way a man wounded by thieves, that he poured oil and wine into his wounds, and then set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and told them to care for him (Luke 10:33-35).

In the spiritual sense these things are thus perceived: "the Samaritan" means the Gentiles that were in the good of charity towards the neighbor; "the man wounded by thieves" means those who are infested by those from hell, who are thieves because they injure and destroy man's spiritual life; the "oil and wine that he poured into his wounds" mean things spiritual that heal man, "oil" good, and "wine" truth; that "he set him on his own beast" signifies that he did this according to his intelligence so far as he was able, "horse," and likewise "beast of burden" signifying the intellect; that "he brought him to an inn and told them to care for him" signifies to bring to those that are well instructed in the doctrine of the church from the Word, and who are better able to heal him than one who is still in ignorance. Thus are these words understood in heaven, and from them it is evident that the Lord when He was in the world spoke by pure correspondences, thus for the world and for heaven at the same time.

[43] Because "oil" signified the good of love and charity, and by this those are healed who are spiritually sick, therefore it is said of the Lord's disciples:

That they anointed many with oil and healed them (Mark 6:13).

(Furthermore, what is specially signified by "the oil prepared for the lamps," and what by "the oil prepared for anointings" see Arcana Coelestia 9778-9789, and n. 10250-10288, where they are explained.) From this it can now be seen that "oil" signifies celestial good and spiritual good, that is, the good of love to the Lord, and the good of charity towards the neighbor; "the oil of anointing" the good of love to the Lord from the Lord, and the "oil for the lamps" the good of charity towards the neighbor from the Lord.

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